1. Chapter 4 Anatomy of the Nervous System

2. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System Terms used to describe location when referring to the nervous system include: –Ventral –Dorsal –Anterior –Posterior –Lateral –Medial

3. More terms… –Lateral –Medial –Proximal –Distal –Ipsilateral –Contralateral –Coronal plane –Sagittal plane –Horizontal plane

4. More terms… –Lamina –Column –Tract –Nerve –Ganglion –Gyrus (pl. gyri) –Sulcus (pl. sulci) –Fissure

5. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The Nervous System is comprised of two major subsystems: 1.The Central Nervous System (CNS) 2.The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

6. Fig. 4-1, p. 82

7. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The Central Nervous System consists of: 1.Brain 2.Spinal Chord

8. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System  Spinal cord  Bell-Magendie law  Dorsal root ganglia

9. Fig. 4-3, p. 84

10. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The spinal cord is comprised of: –grey matter –white matter

11. Fig. 4-4, p. 85

12. Fig. 4-5, p. 85

13. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is comprised of the: 1.Somatic Nervous System 2.Autonomic Nervous System

14. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The Somatic Nervous System consists of motor and sensory nerves

15. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System Autonomic nervous system Can be divided into two subsystems: 1.The Sympathetic Nervous System. 2.The Parasympathetic Nervous System.

16. Fig. 4-6, p. 86

17. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The brain can be divided into three major divisions: 1.Hindbrain. 2.Midbrain. 3.Forebrain.

18. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The Hindbrain consists of the: –Medulla. –Pons. –Cerebellum. Located at the posterior portion of the brain Contain cranial nerve nuclei Hindbrain structures, the midbrain and other central structures of the brain combine and make up the brain stem.

19. Fig. 4-8, p. 88

20. Table 4-4, p. 88

21. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The midbrain is comprised of the following structures: –Tectum – roof of the midbrain –Superior colliculus &inferior colliculus– swellings on each side of the tectum and routes for sensory information –Tegmentum- the intermediate level of the midbrain –Substantia nigra - gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway

22. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The forebrain is the most anterior and prominent part of the mammalian brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres –Consists of the outer cortex and subcortical regions. –outer portion is known as the “cerebral cortex”. Receives sensory information and controls motor movement from the opposite (contralateral) side of the body.

23. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System Subcortical regions are structures of the brain that lie underneath the cortex. Subcortical structures of the forebrain include: –Thalamus –Basal Ganglia

24. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System The limbic system consists of a number of other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem. –Includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex –associated with motivation, emotion, drives and aggression.

25. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System Thalamus and the hypothalamus together form the “diencephalon”. –Hypothalamus –Thalamus Pituitary gland Basal Ganglia Basal forebrain –nucleus basalis Hippocampus

26. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System--Ventricles The central canal The ventricles Cerebrospinal fluid

27. The Cerebral Cortex The cerebral cortex is the most prominent part of the mammalian brain and consists of the cellular layers on the outer surface of the brain.

28. Fig. 4-18, p. 96

29. The Cerebral Cortex Organization of the Cerebral Cortex: –Contains up to six distinct laminae –Also divided into columns. –Divided into four lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal.

30. Fig. 4-21, p. 97

31. The Cerebral Cortex The four lobes of the cerebral cortex include the following: 1.Occipital lobe 2.Parietal lobe 3.Temporal lobe 4.Frontal lobe

32. Fig. 4-23, p. 99

33. Fig. 4-24, p. 99

34. Fig. 4-25, p. 100

35. The Cerebral Cortex The binding problem…

36. Research Methods Main categories of research methods to study the brain include those that attempt to: 1.Correlate brain anatomy with behavior. 2.Record brain activity during behavior. 3.Examine the effects of brain damage. 4.Examine the effects of stimulating particular parts of the brain.

37. Research Methods Correlating brain activity with behavior can involve the identifying of peculiar behaviors and looking for abnormal brain structures or function. These abnormal brain structures can be identified using: Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scan). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

38. Fig. 4-29, p. 106

39. Fig. 4-30, p. 107

40. Research Methods Recording brain activity involves using a variety of noninvasive methods including: –Electroencephalograph (EEG) –Positron-emission tomography (PET) –Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) –Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

41. Research Methods Examining the effects of damage to the brain is done using laboratory animals and includes: –Lesion techniques –Ablation techniques

42. Research Methods Other research methods used to inhibit particular brain structures include: –Gene-knockout approach –Transcranial magnetic stimulation