1. 9.1
Sc.912.L sc.912.N.1.1 sc.912.N.1.6 sc.912.L sc.912.L ma.912.s.3.2

2. Chemical energy and food
Where do organisms get energy?
Organisms get the energy they need from food
Cells don’t just eat and burn the energy they store some, get the protein they need, and capture the little bit of chemical energy.

3. Overview of cellular respiration
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.
602 + c6h1206 6co2 + 6h2o +energy

4. Stages of cellular respiration
Cellular respiration captures energy from food in three main stages- glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

5. Oxygen and energy
Pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen are said to be aerobic (“in air”)
Glycolysis is said to be anaerobic (“without air”).

6. Comparing photosynthesis to cellular respiration
What is the relation ship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release food.

7. 9.2
Sc.912.L sc.912.L

8. Glycolysis What happens during the process of Glycolysis?
During glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose, a 6-carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.
The first set of reaction in cellular respiration I glycolysis

9. ATP production
Even though glycolysis is an energy-releasing process, the cell needs to put in a little energy to get things energy.

10. NADH production
One of the reactions of glycolysis removes 4 electrions, now in a high-energy state, and passes them tom an electron carrier called NAD+, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

11. The advantages of glycolysis
The speed of glycolysis can be a big advantage when the energy demands of a cell suddenly increase.
Besides speed, another advantage of glycolysis is that the process itself does not require oxygen.

12. The Krebs cycle What happens during the Krebs cycle?
During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
The cycle is named after a British biochemist Hans Krebs

13. Citric acid production
The matrix is the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion and the site of the Krebs cycle reactions.

14. Energy extractions
Energy is released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds, is captured in the forms of ATP.

15. The process of cellular respiration SC.912.L.18.8
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
How does the electron transport chain use high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP
The electron transport chain is the last step of cellular respiration

16. The process of cellular respiration SC.912.L.18.8
Electron Transport
NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
The end of a transport chain is an enzyme that combines the electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water

17. The process of cellular respiration SC.912.L.18.8
ATP Production
The cell uses a process called chemiosmosis to produce ATP.
In this ATP synthases grabs an ADP molecule and attaches a phosphate group producing ATP
The full length of the electron transport chain provides enough energy to produce 3 ATP molecules

18. The process of cellular respiration SC.912.L.18.8
The Totals
How much ATP does cellular respiration generate?
All together glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain releases about 36 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule
The 36 ATP molecules generated represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. The other 64 percent is released as heat.

19. 9.3
ma.912.s.3.2

20. Alcoholic Fermentation
Fermentation SC.912.L.18.10
Alcoholic Fermentation
An example of one type of fermentation is alcoholic fermentation
This type of fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Yeast and the production of alcoholic beverages use this type of fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH = Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

21. Fermentation SC.912.L.18.10 Fermentation
Fermentation is the process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
How do organisms generate energy when oxygen is not available?
In the absence of oxygen, fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP.

22. Lactic Acid fermentation
Fermentation SC.912.L.18.10
Lactic Acid fermentation
An other example of fermentation is lactic acid fermentation
This is the most common fermentation carried out by organisms
Lacctic acid fermentation unlike alcoholic fermentation does not give off carbon dioxide
Pyruvic acid + NADH = lactic acid + NAD+

23. Fermentation SC.912.L.18.10 Energy and exercise
How does the body produce ATP during different stages of exercise?
The body produces ATP during different stages of exercise through cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation

24. Fermentation SC.912.L.18.10 Quick Energy
When your body needs quick bursts of energy it uses ATP produced by fermentation
The fermentation used to produce the ATP is lactic acid fermentation
The ATP the body uses when in need of those quick bursts of energy are already in your muscles

25. Fermentation SC.912.L.18.10 Long-term Energy
Some times your body needs long bursts of energy, and for that it uses cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP when exercising for longer then 90 seconds
Cellular respiration releases energy slower than fermentation does which is why everyone evidentially gets tired.