1. MAPPING SKILLS FOR GEOGRAPHY Some important skills to learn….

2. Here are some important books to use to improve your skills work….some are quite old but that does not matter the key thing is a good book ….. M. Stacey – Atlas Skills Workbook (2005) M. Stacey – Atlas Skills Workbook (2005) L. Scott & K. Laws – Mapping & Statistical Skills for Secondary Students (various editions) L. Scott & K. Laws – Mapping & Statistical Skills for Secondary Students (various editions) C. Bonnor & B. Ralph – Key Skills in Geography C. Bonnor & B. Ralph – Key Skills in Geography

6. Key or Legend SCALE – Linear SCALE – Linear - Representative Fraction - Representative Fraction - in words - in words - Ratio - Ratio

7. Working out scales….. Need to learn conversions  100 to get metres Need to learn conversions  100 to get metres eg: 1: 100,000 (cm) = 1 cm to 1,000m or 1 km eg: 1: 100,000 (cm) = 1 cm to 1,000m or 1 km 1: 50,000 = 1 cm to 500m or ½ km 1: 50,000 = 1 cm to 500m or ½ km 1: 250,000 = 1cm to 2,500m or 2 ½ km 1: 250,000 = 1cm to 2,500m or 2 ½ km 1: 30,000 = 1cm to 300m 1: 30,000 = 1cm to 300m 1: 10,000 = 1 cm to 100m 1: 10,000 = 1 cm to 100m

8. Contours join areas of equal height above sea level Steep slopes lines close Steep slopes lines close Gentle slopes very spread out Gentle slopes very spread out

9. Cross-sections

10. Drawing the cross-section - draw lines up from the base to make a dot at the correct height then a smooth line joining the dots …

11. Vertical Exaggeration Vertical Scale (graph) divided by the Horizontal Scale (map scale) Vertical Scale (graph) divided by the Horizontal Scale (map scale) Different Vertical Scales stretch or shrink the cross- section Different Vertical Scales stretch or shrink the cross- section

12. Working out the scale of an aerial photo when compared to a topographic map Find a familiar feature on both maps and calculate real distance on map compared to ruler distance on unknown Find a familiar feature on both maps and calculate real distance on map compared to ruler distance on unknown Eg. Map scale 1:25 000 at left Eg. Map scale 1:25 000 at left

13. Precis or Sketch maps – Natural or Cultural features or both - must have TITLE, SCALE, NORTH SIGN, FRAME, LABELS, KEY.

14. Gradient Difference in the Vertical Height between two points DIVIDED by the actual distance along the ground as measured on the scale of the map Difference in the Vertical Height between two points DIVIDED by the actual distance along the ground as measured on the scale of the map Gradient = 373 - 315m 700m = 58/700 = 1: 12

15. Intervisibility

16. Pie Graphs DRAWING SEGMENTS: Draw a circle any size Draw a circle any size Put centre of protractor on middle of circle Put centre of protractor on middle of circle To convert PERCENTAGES to DEGREES multiply by 3.6 To convert PERCENTAGES to DEGREES multiply by 3.6 Draw segments from 12 o’clock moving clockwise moving from largest to smallest Draw segments from 12 o’clock moving clockwise moving from largest to smallest MEASURING SEGMENTS: Put protractor on Segment and measure DEGREES then DIVIDE by 3.6 to get PERCENT Put protractor on Segment and measure DEGREES then DIVIDE by 3.6 to get PERCENT Use this PERCENT to calculate from any raw numbers you are given eg. 50% of 278 Use this PERCENT to calculate from any raw numbers you are given eg. 50% of 278 = 50 x 278 = 1390 = 139 = 50 x 278 = 1390 = 139 100 10 100 10

17. Time of Day from Photographs Look at the shadows of buildings or structures Look at the shadows of buildings or structures Early Morning sun casts shadows to the west Early Morning sun casts shadows to the west Late Afternoon sun casts shadows to the east Late Afternoon sun casts shadows to the east Long shadows are early morning or late afternoon Long shadows are early morning or late afternoon Direction of shadows indicates morning or afternoon Direction of shadows indicates morning or afternoon No shadows indicate noon No shadows indicate noon