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Module 8a: Faceted Classification

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1 Module 8a: Faceted Classification
IMT530: Organization of Information Resources Winter 2008 Michael Crandall

2 Overview Enumerated vs. analytico-synthetic techniques
4/16/2017 Overview Enumerated vs. analytico-synthetic techniques History of faceted classification – Ranganathan & CRG Facets Examples Facet analysis Spiteri’s simplified model Process Use of facets in information systems IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

3 Enumerated Classification vs. Faceted Classification
4/16/2017 Enumerated Classification vs. Faceted Classification Enumerated classification One-dimensional Dewey Decimal Classification System Library of Congress Classification System Rigid hierarchical approach Gives a single schedule that enumerates fully the classes and their ready-made class numbers IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

4 Enumerated Classification vs. Faceted Classification
4/16/2017 Enumerated Classification vs. Faceted Classification Analytico-Synthetic (Faceted Classification) Multi-dimensional Clearly defined, mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive aspects, properties, or characteristics of a class or specific subject IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

5 Faceted Classification
4/16/2017 Faceted Classification FA (Facet Analysis) - (analytical technique) Listing of characteristics of the entities in a universe (exhaustive, mutually exclusive) FC (Facet Classification) - (synthetic structure) Structure – division of entities in a universe (by one characteristic at a time) Synthesis – combination of relevant facets: Schedule of terms for description Assignment of notation IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

6 Origin of Faceted Classification
4/16/2017 Origin of Faceted Classification A Hindu mathematician Worked as a librarian Started from the limits of traditional enumerative classification systems Attempted to describe the entire universe of ideas 1930s Colon Classification – Analytico-synthetic classification system (1933) Ranganathan ( ) IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

7 Basic Ranganathan Analyze each document
4/16/2017 Basic Ranganathan Analyze each document Group isolates (simple-concept subjects) into the facets Order the isolates within the facets Establish a citation order for facets (Ranganathan’s is P-M-E-S-T) Establish a schedule order for the facets Apply the notational system Compile schedules & generate an index IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

8 Ranganathan’s 5 Facets Personality : Who Matter: What Energy: How
4/16/2017 Ranganathan’s 5 Facets Personality : Who Matter: What Energy: How Space: Where Time: When IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

9 Ranganathan’s Rule 46 Canons : Must follow
4/16/2017 Ranganathan’s Rule 46 Canons : Must follow 13 Postulates : Strongly recommended 22 Principles : Strongly recommended Canons: most IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

10 Examples Ranganathan's Colon Classification
4/16/2017 Examples Ranganathan's Colon Classification research in the cure of tuberculosis of lungs by x-ray conducted in India in 1950 L,45;421:6;253:f.44'N5 Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research.India'1950 Ranganathan’s approach to developing a universal classification system with a fine level of granularity didn’t meet with universal appreciation IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

11 Classification Research Group (CRG)
4/16/2017 Classification Research Group (CRG) UK (1952) Produced classification systems for narrower, specialized areas Designed several subject-specific faceted classification systems IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

12 Ranganathan & the CRG Agree about the essential qualities of a facet
Mutually exclusive; each facet represents a characteristic not found in any other facet Relationships between facets are non-hierarchical IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

13 4/16/2017 Facets The broad categories into which the subject area is divided. A facet consists “... of a group of terms that represents one, and only one, characteristic of division of a subject field....no two facets may contain terms that could represent the same concepts.” Spiteri, L. (1998) A Simplified Model for Facet Analysis. Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science v23, 1-30 (April-July 1998). “Clearly defined, mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive aspects, properties or characteristics of a class or specific subject" Maple, A. (1995) Faceted Access: A Review of the Literature IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

14 Examples of Facets Petersen (1994) – the Art & Architecture Thesaurus
4/16/2017 Examples of Facets Petersen (1994) – the Art & Architecture Thesaurus Associated Concepts/ Physical Attributes/ Styles and Periods/ Agents / Activities/ Materials/ Objects Business Products/ Applications/ Organizations/ People/ Domain objects/ Events/ Publications IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

15 Epicurious.com Recipe collection on the web Cuisine
Special considerations Meal/Course Dish Main Ingredients Preparation methods Season/Occasion IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

16 Examples Faceted Classification Tools
4/16/2017 Examples Faceted Classification Epicurious Wine.com Flamenco Images of England lawforwa.org FAT-HUM Project Tools FacetMap’s Wine demonstration Siderean software Endeca software IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

17 Characteristics of a Faceted Classification System
4/16/2017 Characteristics of a Faceted Classification System Based on the important, essential or persistent characteristics of content objects More than hierarchies Easy to extend by adding a new facet Flexibility Easier to construct Easy to formulate composite subjects Easy to accommodate new concepts Provides multiple access points to content IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

18 4/16/2017 Facet Analysis “Facet analysis is a mental process involving analysis of a subject into its facets based on a set of postulates, canons and principles. It provides a framework to accommodate various types of terms, along with rules for their combination.”—K. Kumar Facet analysis is the sorting of terms in a given field of knowledge into “homogenous, mutually exclusive facets, each derived from the parent universe by a single characteristic of division ... every distinctive logical category should be isolated, every new characteristic of division should be clearly indicated.” —B. C. Vickery IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

19 4/16/2017 Planes of Work The Idea Plane – the process of analyzing a subject field into its component parts The Verbal Plane – the process of choosing appropriate terminology The Notational Plane – the process of expressing these component parts by means of a notational device Terminology to express these component parts Idea: The work of FA takes place in the Idea plane, where an entity is analyzed into component parts Verbal: FA continues here as further sorting and transformation of the selected categories/facets or terms occur. Notational: work of FC -- translating selected terms into notation. IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

20 Idea Plane: Principles for the Choice of Facets
4/16/2017 Idea Plane: Principles for the Choice of Facets Differentiation Divide by a clearly defined characteristic of division E.g., Humans by Gender Relevance Reflect the purpose and scope of the classification system E.g., Children by Grade, but not for Dogs Ascertainability Definite and ascertainable facts E.g., Date of birth for Humans, Breed for Dogs Permanence Permanent qualities of the entity E.g., Color wouldn’t work for chameleons IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

21 Idea Plane: Principles for the Choice of Facets
Homogeneity Facets must not overlap E.g., geography and product names Mutual Exclusivity Facets represent only one characteristic Fundamental Categories Categories should be derived from the domain Disagrees with Ranganathan’s universal PMEST IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

22 Idea Plane: Principles for the Citation Order of Facets and Foci
Relevant Succession Chronological Order Alphabetical Order Spatial/Geometric Order Simple to Complex Order (or Complex to Simple) Canonical Order Increasing Quantity (or Decreasing Quantity) Consistent Succession IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

23 Principles for the Verbal Plane
Context Meaning is determined by position in the system Grain dishes Rice dishes White rice dishes With raisins Brown rice dishes Currency Should use terminology appropriate for the language in use at time of indexing IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

24 Guidelines for Faceted Classification
4/16/2017 Guidelines for Faceted Classification Study the domain (Context) Examine the domain (Content) Study information objects (Users) Who? Information Needs? Entity listing Facet creation Facet arrangement Citation order Classification Revision, testing, and maintenance IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

25 Use of the Facet Approach
4/16/2017 Use of the Facet Approach Traditional Use Classification Thesaurus Indexing Information Systems Information Architecture & User-Centered Design Navigation and browse Information Retrieval Individual facets can be accessed and retrieved either alone or in any desired combination IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

26 Faceted Approach in IS Simple in structure Flexible in application
4/16/2017 Faceted Approach in IS Simple in structure Flexible in application Amenable to software applications Amenable to computer assisted indexing and validation Interoperable with the majority of modern indexing vocabularies Easier and more economical to maintain than enumerated vocabularies IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

27 Faceted Navigation IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

28 Facet-based Advanced Search
IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

29 Combined IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

30 Usability Testing of Faceted Approaches
Flamenco developed by Marty Hearst and others to test facets for images Built an interface to support both direct search and browsing Supports search usability guidelines Nine facets Opening – Middle Game – Endgame IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

31 Usability Studies – Flamenco (Hearst et al., 2003)
4/16/2017 Usability Studies – Flamenco (Hearst et al., 2003) Usability Study for Search 32 art history students Search by Faceted Metadata vs Baseline More Successful More usage time 90% - Preferred the metadata approach overall 97% - Helped users learn more about the collection 75% - More flexible 72% - Easier to use IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

32 Problems of Faceted Approach
4/16/2017 Problems of Faceted Approach Mismatched labeling Inconsistent category metadata Difficulty in deciding on the correct or appropriate facet Challenges in defining a useful and usable collection of facets IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

33 Recap Enumerated classification (Hierarchical)
4/16/2017 Recap Enumerated classification (Hierarchical) One-dimensional Dewey Decimal Classification System Library of Congress Classification System Rigid Hierarchy Gives a single schedule that enumerates fully the classes and their ready-made class numbers. Analytico-Synthetic (Faceted Classification) Multi-dimensional Clearly defined, mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive aspects, properties, or characteristics of a class or specific subject Note that facets are Mutually exclusive Collectively exhaustive This means you should try to cover the territory of your domain and users’ needs with your high level facet divisions- it helps to think of this when you’re building them to make sure that you’re not missing something, or that they don’t overlap in use. IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530

34 Recap Hierarchical and faceted approaches are not mutually exclusive
You can use hierarchies under facets to help with entry vocabulary and cross references You may not always be able to apply mutual exclusion and exhaustivity to facets, but you should use these principles to help clarify Spiteri’s Idea Plane is where you do this work Try to apply terms from all facets to each object (webpage) you’re tagging to see what happens If it doesn’t make sense, you probably need to rethink your facets IMT530 Organization of Information Resources

35 Note that the facets are Mutually exclusive Collectively exhaustive
4/16/2017 Note that the facets are Mutually exclusive Collectively exhaustive For the domain and users covered by Epicurious IMT530 Organization of Information Resources IMT530


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