1. DNA to RNA One of the first steps in making proteins
Transcription
RNA
DNA
RNA polymerase
Adenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
DNA to RNA
One of the first steps in making proteins

2. DNA vs. RNA Double-stranded Deoxyribose A, T, G, C Stays in nucleus
Only one type
Serves as a template for RNA
Single-stranded
Ribose
A, U, G, C
Goes out into cytoplasm
3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
Serves as a template for tRNA & proteins

3. Where are they at?
 DNA stays in nucleus to minimize the risk of being damaged by digestive enzymes, bacteria, etc.
 RNA is used as a messenger (carries a message from DNA in order to make proteins)

4. 3 types of RNA Messenger RNA
Copied from DNA goes from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA -Structural component of the Ribosome. (Ribosomes are made of rRNA and proteins)
Transfer RNA
Brings Amino Acids to the Ribosomes that match the mRNA codons.

5. Transfer RNA - tRNA

6. Transcription Step 1 RNA polymerase binds to the promoter in DNA
DNA is untwists & unzipped (like when it replicates)

7. Step 2
As DNA unzips, free RNA nucleotides (A, U, G, C) pair with complementary DNA nucleotides on one of the DNA strands
For example:
5’ – AGC TAA CCG (DNA template strand)
5’ – UCG AUU GGC (new messenger RNA [mRNA] molecule)

8. Step 3
When the process of base pairing is complete, the mRNA molecule breaks away from DNA.
DNA strands re-zip and twist.

9. TRANSLATION: mRNA  proteins (amino acid chains)
The ribosome “reads” the mRNA 3 letters at a time. These 3- letter “words” are called codons.
Each Amino acid has corresponding 3 letter codon
The “start” codon (AUG) tells the ribosome to start making Amino Acid chains
tRNA brings a methionine

10. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters cytoplasm, in search of ribosomes.

11. There
Are 20
Different
Amino
Acids

12. Each three letter codon in mRNA corresponds to a specific Amino Acid

13. tRNA…
Floating around the cytoplasm are molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA), which have an “anticodon,” (complement of the codon) and carry an amino acid to the Ribosome
EXAMPLE:
mRNA AUG GCA UAC (codons)
tRNA UAC CGU AUG (anticodons)
Amino acid - (met) (ala) (tyr)

14. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters cytoplasm, in search of ribosomes.

15. In the Ribosome There are room for two tRNA molecules in the ribosome.
When two tRNA molecules are in the ribosome next to each other with amino acids attached, the two amino acids form a peptide bond. The first tRNA leaves, the second one moves over, and the next tRNA comes in with another amino acid.

16. Amino acids & Peptide Bonds
Alanine
Dipeptide

17. Protein Structure

18. http://www. geneticengineering