1. The Last of the Great Nomadic Challenges 600-1450 Expanding Communities

2. Demographic and Environmental Changes Nomadic Migrations Vikings Turks Aztecs Mongols Arabs Predict the impact of these movements.

3. Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration of Agricultural Peoples Bantu migrations Europeans to Eastern and Central Europe Consequences of Disease For ex. Black Plague 1348 Growth and Role of Cities Urbanization (Ghuang Zhou, Canton, Chang’an,Cairo, Cordova, Samarkand, Baghdad, Damascus, Venice, Constantinople, Tenochtitlan, Timbuktu, etc.) How much of this demonstrates continuity?

4. Compare the Aztecs to Group 1-Arabs Group 2-Turks Group 3- Vikings Group 4- Bantus Group 5- Mongola Aztecs were nomadic and settled around Lake Texcoco, established a militaristic empire based on tribute, became expert engineers constructing chinampas (floating gardens) demanding tribute from their peripheral states and creating a flourishishing marketplace in Tenochtitlan. Their religious polytheistic components could be felt in everything from their monumental architecture, calendars and human sacrifice to appease the Gods. Theiir military is how they established and maintained their empire while creating gender paralellism where spearate spheres of work were establiehd fore men and women.

5. Arabs Early post-classical movements along the Arabian Peninsula. Bedouin merchants facilitated spread of Islam invaded and eventually settled in Middle East, Northern Africa and Southern Europe. Although the notion of Caliphate would be sacked by Mongols in 1258, Islam held areas together culturally, and mixed with native customs and religions. Despite political conflict over succession (Sunni-Shiite) Dar Al Islam would unite much of AfroEurasia

6. Vikings These sea-faring marauders swept into many parts of Europe from Normandy to Mediterranean areas, to Russia during the 8 th and 9 th centuries looting and destroying communities and churches and monasteries. Some settled and intermarrying with groups like Normans and Rus (Russia). Served in Black sea trade with Byzantium but are mostly known for providing the threat to Western European armies developed under the auspices of Feudalism

7. Turks Originally Indo-Europeans who migrated into the Middle east dating various time in this era. The Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzanitne Empire sparking another Great migration to the Middle Eats-crusader. Indirectly responsible for Europe’s interest and involvement in long- distance trade. Also served as mercenaries and militia in both Tang and Abbasid armies. By the end of this era, the Ottoman Turks were on the rise capturing Constantinople (thanks to the Mongols) by 1453. Turks (Afghan) even invaded India forming the Delhi Sultanate and introduced Islam into India with such force that the consequences reverberated throughout the rest of Indian history.

8. Mongols Identified by many historians as the end on the nomadic era. Clearly the good was their ability to establish a Khanate system where safe trade, religious tolerance and a relatively peaceful existence (Pax Mongolica) facilitated an East meets west connecting Middle East, South Asia, East Asia and Europe. For even a brief time Central Asian Empire the Timurud Dynasty will become a major Islamic center of trade and scholarship in the great city of Samarkand ruled by Tamerlane. They would also contribute to the spread of the black death, the end of the Song Dynasty and the Abbasid Caliphate and the indirect beginnings of the rise of Western European age of exploration.

9. Aztecs Migrated to the Central Valley of Mexico around Lake Texcoco according to legend ( area where Eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its talons). Developed an agricultural method of tying reeds to floating gardens known as chinampas. Established a thriving militaristic state using tribute from surrounding areas to develop thriving city Tenochtitlan. Decentralized in nature, the development of causeways and bridges and roads would facilitate trade within the city dubbed “the Venice of the Americas” by the Spanish conquistadores who encountered it for the first time. Many war captives were either enslaved or sacrificed.

10. Inter-regional networks and Contacts Mediterranean trade circuit Silk Routes Indian Ocean Trans-Saharan Trade Trans-American circuits Religious connections: missionaries, inter-religious contact Impact of Mongols

11. Mediterranean Circuits

12. Silk Routes

13. Indian Ocean

14. Trans-Saharan Trade

15. Trans-American trade

16. Religious Connections

17. COMP Thesis The Mongols and Aztecs both established large empire based on military prowess and might, both collected tribute from peripheral states in return for protection and autonomy, however, the Mongol Empire was established into a massive interregional trading network while the Aztecs regional connections were much smaller extending into only the Central Valley of Mexico

18. Impact of Mongols: Blessing or a Curse

19. China: Internal and External Expansion Tang Dynasty Technological innovations: compass, paper, gunpowder etc. Influence on Japan Footbinding, Neo-Confucianism Song Dynasty All the makings of an industrial revolution Early Ming Zheng He voyages, eunochs and nomadic threats

20. Islamic World: Dar al-Islam Expanding cultural, economic and political influence Al-Andalus/ Islamic Spain North and West Africa Indian Ocean: East Africa, India, SE Asia Technological accomplishments: astrolabe, algebra, philosophy, cartography…

21. Al-Andalus

22. Islamic World: Sample Comparisons Compare Islam to Christianity Compare Islamic contacts with Europe and with Africa Crusades- points of view compared Compare gender changes Compare support/ patronage of arts and sciences

23. Europe Break in eastern and Western Christendom: political significance? Religious schisms compared: Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism Sunni/ Shiite in Islam

24. Europe Restructuring of institutions Role of religion: Papacy, Crusades, architecture and education Development of feudalism Comparison of feudalism in Europe and Japan Increasing importance of monarchy over church

25. Amer-Indian World Migrations over the Bering Strait at least 10,000 years ago. Northern America: Cahokia Southwest: Hohokam Meso-America; Olmecs, Maya, Toltec (Aztec) South America: Nazca, Moche, (Inca)

26. Sub-Saharan Africa West African kingdoms: Ghana, Mali, Songhay East African city states: Axum, Kilwa, Mombasa Southern Africa: Great Zimbabwe Contacts with Islamic World, Indian Ocean world, and within Africa Role of Trade, Education and Religion

27. Questions we will focus on: Was there a world economic network in this time period? How did gender roles change? How can material culture and urban history help us to understand early societies?

28. Conclusions Examples of continuity? Examples of change? Think about new and old players. Similar patterns and trends: demographic, social and cultural, technological. New avenues of intersection.