1. Level II Agricultural Business Operations

2. Good quality silage is a key factor in profitable milk production  Silage Production  Silage Assessment

3.  Dry Matter (DM)  Metabolisable Energy (ME)  Crude Protein (CP)  Fermentation (acidity level pH and ammonia level NH 3 )

4.  Dry Matter is the feed remaining after all the water has been taken out  Dependent on weather and degree of wilting  Ideally 25-30%  Grass wilted over 30 % is more difficult to consolidate  More prone to spoilage by yeasts and moulds

5. ME measures the energy content of silage in MJ/kg DM Very high>12 High 11.5 – 11.9 Moderate10.5 – 11.4 Low<10.5

6. CP measures the protein content of silage as a percentage of DM Very high14% High 12 –14% Moderate10 –12% Low<10%

7.  pH of between 3.8 and 4.2  Ammonia (% of total Nitrogen) less than 10 is desirable  Good fermentation is needed to ensure the stable conversion of ensiled grass to silage  Poor fermentation produces silage unpalatable to stock

8. 1. Sward type 2. Nitrogen application 3. Stage of growth 4. Weather & grass DM 5. Chop length 6. Additives 7. Silo filling & sealing technique

9.  Perennial Ryegrass swards will produce better quality and higher D-value silage than old swards  Heading date of grasses in sward will have effect on quality and D-value (early/intermediate/late)  Newly reseeded swards generally produce higher quality silage

10.  Rule of thumb – allow a day for every 1kg/day (2 units) of N to grow out of grass  Allow for both slurry and fertiliser N  Grass analysis indicates the potential ensilability and fermentation of crop

12.  Yield increases rapidly from mid April to late June  Quality decreases rapidly from mid May to mid June  The stage of growth at which crop is cut will have more influence on feeding value of silage than any other factor under the farmers control

13. 3. Stage of Growth High ME Silage

14. 3. Stage of Growth Low ME Silage

15.  High DM silage is weather dependent  Aim to harvest at 25 – 30 % DM  Rapid wilting preferable (24-30 hours)  Reduces effluent

17.  High DM (>30% DM) is better chopped short – approx 25mm (1 inch) – allows for better consolidation  Lower DM (<25% DM) is better with longer chop length – 50 mm (2 inches) or above

18.  Aid to make good silage  Inoculants are the main type ◦ Inoculants contain one or more lactic acid bacteria and promote efficient fermentation  Acid additives no longer commonly used

20. 50mm drainage pipe 600 mm 125 mm Grass placed on top by hand 0.125mm polythene

21.  Clean pit thoroughly  Hang plastic side sheet to ensure good seal  Spread grass over pit evenly in shallow layers 150 – 225 mm (6 – 9 inches)  Roll continuously  Rapid filling is best

24.  Silage effluent is highly pollutant and must be collected  If stored with cattle slurry, extreme care must be taken when mixing due to increased risk of gaseous emissions  Tanks must be checked regularly to prevent overflow and leakage

25.  Same principles apply as with pit silage  Bales should be dense and compact  Wrap as soon as possible after baling  4 - 6 layers of plastic film

27.  Wrap at the stacking area if possible  Avoid excessive handling  Store bales immediately after wrapping  Storage in line with NIEA regulations ◦ Effluent must be collected from bales stored on concrete etc.  Protect against vermin damage

28.  Calculating available silage is the first step in winter feed planning ◦ Assess silage in store ◦ Assess silage required ◦ C arry out a balance

29. 1. Silo length 2. Silo width 3. Average silo height 4. Calculate volume (length x width x height)

30. 10.6 m3.3 m 22.8m Volume = 10.6 X 3.3 X 22.8 798 cubic metres (@ 20%DM)

31. Silage Dry Matter Silage Density Multiply volume by Grass silage 18%0.81 20%0.77 25%0.68 30%0.60

32. 10.6 m3.3 m 22.8m Volume = 10.6 X 3.3 X 22.8 798 cubic metres 798 X 0.77 = 614 t

33. PitLengthWidthHeight 1 st 22.810.6 3.3 2 nd 18.99.12.1 Volume 798 361 Factor 0.77 Total Tonne 614 278 892

34. AnimalNo. Silage required (t/cow/mth) No mths Total (t) Milk cow601.56540 Dry cow201.26144 In Calf101.2672 Maiden16 Total required (t) 756

35. Assess silage available against silage required  Available silage = 892 tonnes  Required silage = 756 tonnes In this example 136 t of silage is surplus to requirement

36.  Aim to make high quality silage  Ensure correct fertiliser application  Consider grass analysis pre-cutting  Choose suitable cutting stage and weather  Consider rapid wilt  Collect and handle effluent safely  Calculate quantity of silage