2. 1 LANG 4402 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE 2nd Term, 2004-2005 Phonetics & Phonology Phonetics The study of the physical properties of speech sounds Phonology The study of the sound system - how sounds relate to and interact with each other in a language Instructor: Huang Yue Yuan

3. 2 Phonetics and Phonology I. Required readings 1.Finegan, Edward (Ed.) (2004). Language – Its Structure and Use (4th edition). Wadsworth, Thomson. Chapter 3: the sounds of languages: Phonetics Chapter 4: Sound systems of language: Phonology 2. Hung, Tong (1997). Structure of Modern English: I. Phonology. The Open University. 3. Roach, Peter (2000). English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 8: Syllables Chapter 9: Strong and weak syllables Chapter 10: Stress in simple words

4. 3 II. Other readings on phonology (read for interest) Cruttenden. A. (1997). Intonation (2nd Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (HKBU Library: 414C889I2) Jenkins, J. (2000). The Phonology of English as an Intenational Language. Oxford University Press. (HKBU Library: 421.5 J417P) Ladefoged, P. (2000). A Course in Phonetics (4th Edition). Harcourt. (HKBU library has the 3rd edition)

5. 4 III. Outline* Lecture contents Major readings (F = Finegan H = Hung Roach = R) Part 1: Organs of speech, classification of F3 speech sounds, phonetic transcription Part 2: Distinctive feature, natural classesF4, H3 Part 3: Phonemic analysis, underlying representationsF4, H4 Part 4: Phonological processesH5 Part 5: Syllable structure, word stress R8-10 Part 6: Tone, intonationH8 Part 7: Phonological research, phonological acquisitionH9 *The outline and teaching materials of this component are based on Dr. Tony Hung’s teaching notes on phonetics and phonology (2 nd Term, 2003-2004)

6. 5 Part One Organs of speech, classification of speech sounds and phonetic transcription (March 1)

7. 6 Questions 1. How many sounds/segments in the following words? Computer Spring Autumn Desk Compounding Phonetics Sphinx Doctor

8. 7 2. How do you pronounce the following words? Direct Simultaneous Adult Colleague Social Pleasure

9. 8 PHONETICS: The scientific study of speech sounds – their description, classification and transcription (i) Articulatory phonetics: How speech sounds are articulated -- i.e. what speech organs are involved, and what physical gestures or configurations are required to produce the sounds in question. (ii) Acoustic phonetics: The physical properties of the sound waves generated by speech -- e.g. the frequency of oscillation (how many cycles per second), amplitude (how loud), and duration (for how long). (iii) Auditory phonetics: How speech sounds are perceived by the hearer as having certain auditory properties that differentiate them from each other, such as the quality of the sound (is it [i] or [e]?), the pitch (high or low), loudness, length, and so on.

10. 9 Spectrograms for heat and hit in HKE:

11. 10 HKE Speaker Native RP Speaker HKE Speaker Native RP Speaker heat60%53%hit60%67% bet40%47%bat67%60% hoot87%73%hood93%33% cot67%80%caught73%87% heart93%87%hut87%67% hurt100% Perception of English vowels by Hong Kong learners of English

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15. 14 PHONETIC CLASSIFICATION Two broad distinctions: (i)Vowels : sounds which are made with a smooth, continuous, unobstructed airflow through the oral cavity (e.g. [i:] as in see or [u:] as in too) (ii)Consonants : sounds which are made with some obstruction to the airflow in the oral cavity (e.g. [s] as in see or [t] as in too)

16. 15 CONSONANTS I. MANNER OF ARTICULATION

17. 16 II. PLACE OF ARTICULATION

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22. 21 Vowels: (1)the height to which the body of the tongue is raised, whether it is high, low, or in between (mid); (2) how forward the body of the tongue is, whether it is front (advanced), central, or back (retracted); (3) whether the lips are rounded or unrounded.

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25. 24 Phonetic transcription The representation of speech with phonetic symbols: each symbol represents one and only one sound IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) A universal inventory of phonetic symbols Representing the sounds in all human languages

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28. 27 ACTIVITY 1: Pronounce the following words to yourself before answering these questions: (i)Do the highlighted letters in each of the following sets of words represent the ‘same’ sound? a) city, cotton, species, cello. b) gold, ginger, gnaw, high c) can, can't, ancient, sofa. d) bus, news, vision, Asia. e) sit, site, machine, racial. f) rough, stuff, cough, through. g) kick, charisma, unique, cut. h) may, lame, fail, hey. i) chef, shell, mission, special. (ii)How many sounds do the highlighted letters represent in each of the following words? tax, thing, schedule, school, are, though, chrome.

29. 28 ACTIVITY 2 (i)Transcribe the following words, using the phonetic alphabet given above. Remember: don't confuse letters (or the spelling) with sounds. [NB. Some of you may pronounce certain words differently, which will naturally lead to differences in transcription. There's nothing wrong with that.] Compare your transcriptions with each other, and with those given in a standard dictionary (such as the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English). (1) rough, (2) debt, (3) psyche, (4) schedule, (5) judge, (6) yacht, (7) march, (8) useful, (9) queen, (10) chalk ii) Given below are some phonetic transcriptions. Can you pronounce them aloud, and identify the words that they represent?

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33. 32 ROMANIZED ALPHABET FOR CANTONESE (Jyutping 粤拼 ) CONSONANTS: Initial bbaa1 ( 爸 )ppaa3 ( 怕 ) ddaa2 ( 打 )ttaa1 ( 他 ) ggaa1 ( 家 )kkaa1 ( 卡 ) gwgwaa1 ( 瓜 )kwkwaa1 ( 誇 ) zzaa1 ( 渣 )ccaa1 ( 叉 ) ssaa1 ( 沙 )ffaa1 ( 花 ) mmaa1 ( 媽 )nnaa2 ( 那 ) ngngaa6 ( 牙 )jjaa5 ( 也 ) wwaa1 ( 蛙 )hhaa1 ( 蝦 ) llaa1 ( 啦 )

34. 33 CONSONANTS: Final psap1 ( 濕 )msam1 ( 心 ) tsat1 ( 失 )nsan1 ( 新 ) ksak1 ( 塞 )ngsang1 ( 生 ) SYLLABIC NASALS mm6 ( 唔 )ngng4 ( 誤 )

35. 34 VOWELS isi1 ( 詩 ), sing1 ( 星 ), sik1 ( 識 ) ese1 ( 些 ), sek4 ( 石 ), seng1 ( 聲 ) asan1 ( 新 ), sap1 ( 濕 ) aasaa1 ( 沙 ), gaam1 ( 監 ), haak3 ( 客 ) ufu1 ( 呼 ), fung1 ( 風 ), suk1 ( 叔 ) oso1 ( 梳 ), do1 ( 多 ) yusyu1 ( 書 ), syut3 ( 雪 ) oegoe3 ( 鋸 ), soeng1 ( 商 )

36. 35 DIPHTHONGS aaigaai1 ( 街 ), maai5 ( 買 ) aigai1 ( 雞 ), mai5 ( 米 ) aaugaau1 ( 交 ), maau1 ( 貓 ) ausau1 ( 收 ), gau2 ( 狗 ) iusiu1 ( 燒 ), piu1 ( 漂 ) ui fui1 ( 灰 ), bui1 ( 杯 ) eifei1 ( 飛 ), gei1 ( 機 ) oihoi1 ( 開 ), goi1 ( 該 ) ougou1 ( 高 ), dou1 ( 都 ) oeisoei1 ( 需 ), goei1 ( 居 )

37. 36 TONES [The numbers correspond to relative pitch levels, not to traditional classification schemes. Tone 1: highsi1 ( 詩 )fu1 ( 呼 )sik1 ( 識 ) Tone 2: high risingsi2 ( 使 )fu2 ( 虎 ) Tone 3: mid-high si3 ( 試 )fu3 ( 副 )sit3 ( 洩 ) Tone 4: mid-lowsi4 ( 事 )fu4 ( 父 )sik4 ( 食 ) Tone 5: low risingsi5 ( 市 )fu5 ( 婦 ) Tone 6: lowsi6 ( 時 )fu6 ( 扶 )

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39. 38 II. MANDARIN VOWELS 單韻母 [a] 八 爸 發 怕 [o] 我 窩 臥 囖 [e] 鵝 餓 鰐 樂 [i] 一 李 立 莉 [u] 吳 鹿 圖 訴 [ü] 語 魚 呂 去

40. 39 (ii) DIPHTHONGS, TRIPHTHONGS, & VOWEL+CONSONANT FINALS （複韻母） ia 家, ie 貼, iao 教, iou 友, ian 件, in 新, ing 星, iang 向, iong 雄 üe 月, üan 元, ün 云 ua 瓜, uo 果, uai 怪, uei 鬼, uan 短, uang 光 ou 狗, ong 洪 ai 買, ao 好, an 感, ang 港 ei 美, en 很, eng 更