2. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 DCO10105 Object-Oriented Programming and Design  Lecture 10: Operator overload  Operator overload  Associate object and reference return  Member and non-member operator overload  Friend function -- By Rossella Lau

3. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6  The operators can only be applied to basic data types  Basic operators other than. (member identification) and = (assignment) cannot be applied to classes  Some functions are similar to C++ operations, e.g., to check if two objects are equal, to output the contents of an object  Defining those functions as, e.g., equal() or print() are fine but inconsistent with basic data types  C++ supports operator overload to allow for consistency and thus, other flexibilities A reason for operator overload

4. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Forms of operator overload returnType operatorop(parameter list) [const] E.g., int operator[](int i) const {return array[i];}  Almost all operators can be overloaded except for..* :: ?: sizeof with some restrictions (Malik’s slides: 16:8-9)

5. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading binary operators  Usually,  Arithmetics: e.g., TheClass operator+(TheClass const & rhsObject) const  Relational: e.g., bool operator==(TheClass const & rhsObject) const  Compond operators: e.g., TheClass & operator+= (TheClass const & rhsObject)  I/O operators: e.g., ostream & operator<< (ostream & TheClass const & theObject) rhs – right hand side

6. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Operator overload for Complex numbers  A complex number: c = a + bi  Addition of two complex numbers: c3 = c1 + c2 = (a+bi) + (c+di) = (a+c) + (b+d)i  Checking if two complex numbers are equal: c1 = c2 if and only if a == c && b == d  c1 += c2  c1 = (a+c) + (b+d)i  Output in the form of: a + bi Class Complex { private: double real; double imaginary; public: …… // operator overload: …… };

7. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Example of addition and equal Complex operator+ (Complex const & rhs) const { return Complex (getReal() + rhs.getReal(), (getImaginary()+rhs.getImaginary(); } bool operator== (Complex const & rhs) const { return getReal() == rhs.getReal() && getImaginary() == rhs.getImaginary(); }  To invoke, e.g.,: Complex c1(2,3), c2(3,5), c3; c3 = c1 + c2; If (c1 == c2) ……

8. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Form of Operator overload execution  One can imagine that internally, C++ interprets the above expressions as: c3 = c1.operator+(c2) and if (c1.operator==(c2))  c1 is the left hand side operand while c2 is the right hand side operand  c1, the object being invoked, does not need to be modified and therefore, the most appropriate prototype should be declared with const  c2, the right hand side object, does not need to be modified and therefore, the most appropriate prototype should be declared as a const reference parameter

9. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Example of compound addition Complex & operator+= (Complex const & rhs) { setReal (getReal() + rhs.getReal()); setImaginary ((getImaginary() + rhs.getImaginary()); return *this; }  To invoke, e.g.,: Complex c1(2,3), c2(3,5); c1 += c2;  c1, the object being invoked, or the associate object must be modified and therefore cannot be declared with const  The return data should be the associate object itself and therefore the return type should be a reference & to reference for the associate object  The associate object is referred to as *this (this is a keyword and is a pointer)

10. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Example of insertion operator overload ostream & (ostream & out, Complex const & complex) { cout << complex.getReal() << “ + ” << complex.getImaginary() << “i” << endl; return out; }  To invoke, e.g.,: Complex c1(2,3); cout << c1;  Note that this operator overload is not a member function of Complex; it must be defined outside the class definition  Imagine the execution form: cout.(c1), the associate object can never be in Complex type

11. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Member and non-member operator overload  Some Operator overloads can not be member functions when the left hand side operand is not in the type of the class  Indeed, member operator overload functions can be defined as non member function  E.g., Complex operator+(Complex const & lhs, Complex const & rhs);  There should be two parameters as there is not an associate object  To invoke the non-member operator overload is the same as to invoke a member operator overload function  Malik’s slides: 15:32-33

12. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Operator Overloading: Member Versus Nonmember  Certain operators must be overloaded as member functions and some must be overloaded as nonmember (friend) functions  The binary arithmetic operator + can be overloaded either way  Overload + as a member function  Operator + has direct access to data members of one of the objects  Need to pass only one object as a parameter Malik’s slide: 15:32

13. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Operator Overloading: Member Versus Nonmember (continued)  Overload + as a nonmember function  Must pass both objects as parameters  Could require additional memory and time to make a local copy of the data  For efficiency purposes, overload operators as member functions Malik’s slide: 15:33

14. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 More examples for application bookShop  Add a function operator==()  As a member function  As a non-member function  Add a function operator<<()

15. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Operator overload for Donald’s family  Operations with two different types:  Implement deposit() as a member operator+() and a non- member operator+()  Implement withdraw() as a member operator-() and a non- member operator-()  Implement print() as operator<<()

16. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Assignment operator  Remember to overload the assignment operator if there is a pointer data member, otherwise the one generated by the compiler may not be as expected  Malik’s slides: 15:24-25

17. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading the Assignment Operator  Function Prototype: const className& operator=(const className&);  Only one formal parameter  Formal parameter is usually a const reference to a particular class  Function return type is a constant reference to a particular class Malik’s slide: 15:24

18. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading the Assignment Operator (continued)  Function Definition: const className& className::operator=(const className& rightObject) { //local declaration, if any if (this != &rightObject) //avoid self-assignment { //algorithm to copy rightObject into this object } //Return the object assigned. return *this; } // Malik’s slide: 15:25

19. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Operator overload for unary operators  Malik’s slides: 15:26-31, 35  Examples in IntArray:  int operator[](int i) const {return array[i];}  int & operator[](int i) {return array[i];}

20. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading Unary Operators  To overload a unary operator for a class:  If the operator function is a member of the class, it has no parameters  If the operator function is a nonmember (friend), it has one parameter Malik’s slide: 15:26

21. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading ++ and --  The increment operator has two forms  Pre-increment (++u)  Post-increment (u++)  u is a variable, say of the type int  Pre-increment: the value of u is incremented by 1 before using u in an expression  Post-increment: the value of u is used in the expression before it is incremented by 1 Malik’s slide: 15:27

22. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading the Pre-Increment Operator as a Member Function  Function Prototype: className operator++();  Function Definition: className className::operator++() { //increment the value of the object by 1 return *this; } // Malik’s slide: 15:28

23. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading the Pre-Increment Operator as a Nonmember Function  Function Prototype: friend className operator++(className&);  Function Definition: className operator++(className& incObj) { //increment incObj by 1 return incObj; } // Malik’s slide: 15:29

24. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading the Post-Increment Operator as a Member Function  Function Prototype: className operator++(int);  Function Definition: className className::operator++(int u) { className temp = *this; //use this pointer to copy //the value of the object //increment the object return temp; //return the old value of the object }// Malik’s slide: 15:30

25. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading the Post-Increment Operator as a Nonmember Function  Function Prototype: friend className operator++(className&, int);  Function Definition: className operator++(className& incObj, int u) { className temp = incObj; //copy incObj into temp //increment incObj return temp; //return the old value of the object }// Malik’s slide: 15:31

26. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Overloading the Subscript Operator //Overload the operator [] for constant arrays const Type& className::operator[](int index) const { assert(0 <= index && index < arraySize); return list[index]; //return a pointer of the //array component } Malik’s slide: 15:35

27. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Friend functions  When defining non-member operator overload functions, if the respective class does not provide accessors or mutators, friend should be declared in the class definition for the overload function  Malik’s slides: 15:11-12  However, it is not preferred, as the purpose of a class is to encapsulate details and hide data from the outside world, one should eliminate using friend function as much as possible  In most of the cases, if a class provides sufficient accessors and mutators, friend functions can be avoided

28. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Friend Functions of Classes  friend function: a function defined outside the scope of a class  A friend is a nonmember function  However, has access to private data members  To make a function friend to a class  The reserved word friend precedes the function prototype in the class definition Malik’s slide: 15:11

29. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Friend Functions of Classes (continued)  The word friend appears only in the function prototype (in the class definition), not in the definition of the friend function  When writing the friend definition  The name of the class and the scope resolution operator are not used Malik’s slide: 15:12

30. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Summary  Operator overload provides consistent usage of operators for both basic data types and classes  The associate object of a function is referenced as *this  Sometimes, return of a reference object for operator overload is necessary  Operator overload can be a member or a non member function  I/O operator overloads cannot be member functions  Operator overload may be required to be a friend function of a class if it needs to access a private member of the class but friend function can be voided if respective accessors and mutators are defined in the respective class

31. Rossella Lau Lecture 10, DCO10105, Semester B,2005-6 Reference  Malik: 15.1-7 -- END --