1. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 3: Stress and Health Psychology Karen Huffman, Palomar College

2. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Lecture Overview Understanding Stress Stress and Illness Health Psychology in Action Health and Stress Management Health and Stress Management

3. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress What is Stress? – A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it; – the arousal, both physical and mental, to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging.

4. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress

5. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) Cataclysmic Events: stressors that occur suddenly and generally affect many people simultaneously

6. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) Chronic Stressors: ongoing, long lasting, unpleasant events

7. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) Life Changes: life events that require some adjustment in behavior or lifestyle

8. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued)

9. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) Hassles:: small, everyday problems that accumulate to become source of stress

10. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) Occupation Burnout: state of psychological and physical exhaustion resulting from chronic exposure to high levels of stress and little personal control

11. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) Frustration unpleasant tension resulting from a blocked goal Conflict forced choice between two or more incompatible goals or impulses

12. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued)  Three Types of Conflict Approach-Approach: forced choice between two or more desirable alternatives Avoidance-Avoidance: forced choice between two or more undesirable alternatives Approach-Avoidance: forced choice between two or more alternatives both having desirable and undesirable results

13. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued)  If this man is interested in one of the three women on the couch, is he experiencing an approach-approach, approach-avoidance, or avoidance- avoidance conflict?

14. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress Sympathetic Nervous System HPA Axis

15. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress (Continued) Stress and the HPA Axis: Prolonged elevation of cortisol is related to:  increased depression, memory problems, etc.  impaired immune system, which leaves the body vulnerable to disease.

16. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress (Continued) Stress and the Immune System Psychoneuroimmunology: interdisciplinary field that studies the effect of psychological factors on the immune system

17. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress (Continued) Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome 1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion

18. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Stress and Illness Cancer: related to hereditary disposition and environmental factors Cardiovascular Disorders: contributing factors include stress hormones, certain personality types, and certain behaviors Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): anxiety disorder following exposure to extraordinary stress Gastric Ulcers: caused by bacteria or stress?

19. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Stress and Illness (Continued)

20. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Health Psychology in Action Health Psychology: studies how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness Major Health Risks: 1. Tobacco 2. Alcohol and Binge Drinking 3. Chronic Pain (lasting over 6 months)

21. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Health Psychology in Action (Continued) Does this graph surprise you? Smokers often overestimate their risk of dying from homicide and traffic accidents, and greatly underestimate the risk from smoking.

22. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Health and Stress Management Two major approaches to coping with stress: 1. emotion-focused (changing one's perception of stressful situations) 2. problem-focused (using problem- solving strategies to decrease or eliminate the source of stress)

23. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Health and Stress Management (Continued) Our emotional reaction to stress largely depends on how we interpret it.

24. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Health and Stress Management (Continued) Resources for Healthy Living 1. Health and Exercise 2. Positive Beliefs 3. Social Skills 4. Social Support 5. Material Resources 6. Control (Internal locus of control) 7. Relaxation

25. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 3: Stress and Health Psychology Karen Huffman, Palomar College