1. © 2013 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Panel discussion Towards a global nuclear liability regime Ximena Vásquez-Maignan Senior Legal Adviser OECD Nuclear Energy Agency ximena.vasquez@oecd.org Buenos Aires, October 2014International Nuclear Law Association1

2. © 2013 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development NUCLEAR POWER GENERATING OR DEVELOPING STATES & INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY CONVENTIONS Paris Convention (PC) Revised Paris Convention (RPC) (not in force) Brussels Supplementary Convention (BSC) Revised Brussels Supplementary Convention (RBSC) (not in force) Vienna Convention (VC) Revised Vienna Convention (RVC) Joint Protocol (JP) Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) (not in force)  Between (__) means signed, but not yet ratified ARGENTINAVC ; RVC ; CSC ; (JP)KOREA ARMENIAVCMEXICOVC BELARUSVC; RVC NETHERLANDSPC ; BSC ; (RPC) ; (RBSC) ; JP BELGIUMPC ; BSC ; (RPC) ; (RBSC) ; (JP)PAKISTAN BRAZILVCROMANIAVC ; RVC ; JP ; CSC BULGARIAVC; JPRUSSIAN FEDERATIONVC CANADA(CSC)SLOVAK REP.VC; JP CHINASLOVENIAPC ; BSC ; (RPC) ; (RBSC) ; JP CZECH REP.VC ; (RVC); JP; (CSC)SOUTH AFRICA FINLANDPC ; BSC ; (RPC) ; (RBSC) ; JPSPAINPC ; BSC ; (RPC); (RBSC); (JP) FRANCEPC ; BSC ; (RPC); (RBSC); JPSWEDENPC ; BSC ; (RPC) ; (RBSC) ; JP GERMANYPC ; BSC; (RPC) ; (RBSC) ; JPSWITZERLANDPC ; BSC ; RPC ; RBSC ; (JP) HUNGARYVC; (RVC) ; JP TURKEY PC ; (RPC) ; JP INDIA(CSC)UKRAINEVC ; (RVC) ; JP ; (CSC) IRANUNITED ARAB EMIRATESRVC ; JP; CSC JAPAN[Intention to join CSC]UNITED KINGDOMPC ; BSC ; (RPC); (RBSC); (JP) JORDANVC; RVC UNITED STATESCSC KAZAKHSTANVC; RVC CHINESE TAIPEI Buenos Aires, October 2014International Nuclear Law Association2

3. © 2013 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development BASIC PRINCIPLES Strict Liability : victims do not need to prove fault or negligence Exclusive Liability: all liability is channeled exclusively to the operator regardless of “cause”; suppliers are protected Liability Limited in Amount:liability is limited to a specified amount; few countries provide for unlimited liability (e.g. Germany, Switzerland, Japan; and in certain circumstances Finland) Compulsory Financial Security:to ensure availability of funds, the operator is required to maintain financial security, such as private insurance, operator pool (U.S., Germany), self-insurance or state/bank/corporate guarantee Liability Limited in Time:claims must be filed within a certain period (30/10 years from accident; 2-3 years from discovery of damage and operator liable) Buenos Aires, October 2014International Nuclear Law Association3

4. © 2013 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Harmonisation of national nuclear liability legislations (to some extent) is necessary to ensure similar compensation to victims ; goal should be to reflect provisions of the modernised regimes which generally provide more money, a broader range of damage to be compensated and more time to claim compensation Treaty relations among States are necessary to address transboundary nuclear damage Following the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi accident, several calls to encourage international cooperation : – 2011 IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety – 2012 INLEX Recommendations – 2013 G20 Leaders’ Declaration – 2013 France/US Joint Statement on liability for nuclear damage – 2013 France/Russia Nuclear Power Declaration TOWARDS A GLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIME ? Buenos Aires, October 2014International Nuclear Law Association4

5. © 2013 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development FOR MORE INFORMATION NEA report on the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Accident www.oecd-nea.org/law/fukushima/7089-fukushima-compensation-system-pp.pdf www.oecd-nea.org/law/fukushima/7089-fukushima-compensation-system-pp.pdf For updates on Fukushima Daiichi Accident Status of indemnification payouts & financial support http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/comp/index-e.html Nuclear Operator Liability Amounts and Financial Security Limits http://www.oecd-nea.org/law/2014-table-liability-coverage-limits.pdf Nuclear Law Bulletin All issues are freely available at http://www.oecd-nea.org/law/nlb/ http://www.oecd-nea.org/law/nlb/ Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 93, Volume 2014/1 available at http://www.oecd-nea.org/law/nlb/nlb-93/ Feature articles in this issue include: "Progress towards a global nuclear liability regime"; "The Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage and participation by developing countries: A South African perspective"; "Fusion energy and nuclear liability considerations"; and "Nuclear energy and Indian society: Public engagement, risk assessment and legal frameworks". Buenos Aires, October 2014International Nuclear Law Association5

6. © 2013 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Country reports and legislative texts are posted on the NEA Nuclear Law website: www.oecd-nea.org/law/legislation/ On-line Nuclear Legislation Reference publications International Nuclear Law: History, Evolution and Outlook - Brochure for the International School of Nuclear Law - 10th Anniversary (2010) http://www.oecd- nea.org/tools/publication?div=LEG&period=100y &sort=title&filter=1 Workshop presentations NEA Workshop on Nuclear Damages, Liability Issues and Compensation Schemes 10-11 December 2013, Paris http://www.oecd- nea.org/ndd/workshops/nuclearcomp/ Buenos Aires, October 2014International Nuclear Law Association6

7. © 2013 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development THANK YOU Buenos Aires, October 2014International Nuclear Law Association7