1. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Risk Assessment: Discounted Cash Flow COMM80: Risk Assessment of Systems Change Unit 8

2. University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Objectives of Session Coverage Be able to describe cost benefit analysis Know how it is calculated for ERP systems change Appreciate the difference between CBA and DCF Be able to apply the DCF formula to calculate present value Be able to apply DCF to find the Net Present Value for a project Be able to assess the viability of a project from the NPV Be able to conduct a sensitivity analysis for a what-if scenario analysis

3. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change 5 basic elements of a cost benefit analysis : Project definition and identification Complete enumeration of the consequences of going ahead with the project Aggregation of consequences at each time period in the project’s life to get time series for project costs and benefits Aggregation of the cost and benefit streams over time to get a figure for the project’s net present value Sensitivity analysis

4. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Aggregation stage Uses prices to aggregate over the desirable consequences (e.g.more apples available) to get the benefits series: B 0...B T Uses prices to aggregate over the undesirable consequences (e.g. more sulphur emissions) to get the C 0....C T series.

5. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Enumeration stage This involves the physical consequences of the project’ its output is in terms of –hours of labour, –hardware costs, –inventory costs, –cost of new staff –…–… At this provided for each date from 0 through to T. N.B. May be difficult to put a value on people factors e.g. motivation - but some financial equivalence is needed if the approach is to be used.

6. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Discounting the future Present £100 Future £75 Money invested today in a project is worth less in the future because of losses due to the interest rate (= discount rate)

7. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Achieving a Net Present Value Requires:  Aggregation of consequences at each time period in the project’s life to get time series for project costs and benefit.  Aggregation of the cost and benefit streams over time to get a figure for the project’s net present value.  Sensitivity analysis.

8. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Discounted Cash Flow Discounting is the process of transforming future money sums into their equivalent present values. Similar to cost benefit analysis but the costs and benefits are converted into an income stream. The calculation looks complicated but is easier understood when set out in a spreadsheet.

9. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Present value after 2 years Present value = Future value (100+discount rate) 2 The formula for “Present value” after n years (where “n” can take any value 0, 1, 2, ….) is: Present value = Future value*((100+discount rate)/100) -n An example of the equivalent formula in the Excel spreadsheet is: Present Value=E27*((100+$B$19)/100)^-A27 WhereCell E27 holds the value of “Future value” Cell B19 holds the value for the discount rate Cell A27 holds the value of the number of years considered (“n”) Example formula for calculating present value

10. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Mathematical expression to calculate Net Present Value (NPV) Sum the present values Year 0 cash flow

11. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Spreadsheet model assumptions The first part of the spreadsheet shows the assumptions made. The analysis part contains the formulae to calculate the net cash flow for each year of the project and the present value for each year.

12. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Assumptions: Benefits (ERP cost benefit analysis)

13. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Assumptions: Costs (ERP Cost benefit analysis)

14. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Analysis Component of the spreadsheet This contains the formulae to calculate the net cash flow for each year of the project and the present value for each year

15. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Sensitivity analysis In the given example a positive NPV makes project viable. Altering different variables one at a time will show which variables the project is sensitive to. –i.e. small changes in one variable affect NPV significantly.

16. Unit 8 University of Sunderland COMM80 Risk Assessment of Systems Change Activities and Thoughts Using the spreadsheet provided do the tutorial to practise the technique. –Can you create a similar spreadsheet for a systems purchase in your workplace? What would the relevant variables be? –How does this approach help in the consideration of the “riskiness” of a project?