1. Femtosecond laser pulse Attosecond pulse train Generation and Application of Attosecond pulse trains GenerationApplication Measure and control electron dynamics Controlled sequences of attosecond pulses Anne L’Huillier Easier, more signal Complementary tool Possibility of control

2. Femtosecond laser pulseAttosecond pulse train ~10 14 W cm -2 Pulse separation Central photon energy Number of pulses Pulse duration (metallic filter- Mansten et al. OL 2007) Controlled sequences of attosecond pulses

3. Time (as) E-field (a. u.) Time (as) Attosecond pulse trains using a two-color field 1.3 fs 2.7 fs

4. Attosecond pulse trains using a two-color field Energy (eV) Odd harmonics Even and odd harmonics Energy (eV) Inensity (a. u.) Spectral measurements Temporal measurements Delay Streaking Trace Mauritsson et al., PRL 2006 1 cycle

5. Return time (T) 00.51 Kinetic energy 3 U p Attosecond pulse trains using a two-color field Return time (T) 00.51 Kinetic energy Relative phase (π rad) Energy (eV) Intensity Mansten et al., NJP, 2008

6. Photon Energy (eV) Intensity (arb. u.)020406080100 Argon + Aluminum 170 as López-Martens, PRL, 2005 Photon Energy (eV) Intensity (arb. u.)020406080100 Neon + Zirconium 130 as Gustafsson, Opt. Lett., 2007 Photon Energy (eV) Intensity (arb. u.)020406080100 Xenon + Aluminum Central energy of attosecond pulse trains 370 as Johnsson, PRL, 2007 Sansone, Science 2006

7. Short driving fieldAttosecond pulse train Short attosecond pulse trains ETH Zurich 12 fs CEO stabilized

8. Short attosecond pulse trains

9. Intensity TimeEnergy Short attosecond pulse trains : Multiple pulse interferences

11. Intensity (a. u.) 0 1 Energy (eV) 25 35 45 Short attosecond pulse trains : Multiple pulse interferences CEO- dependence Pfeifer et al. OE 2006 Sansone et al., 2004

12. Femtosecond laser pulseAttosecond pulse train Pulse separation Number of pulses, down to one Central photon energy Pulse duration (metallic filter) Controlled sequences of attosecond pulses

13. Attosecond pulse train synchronized with infrared field Measurement and control of electron dynamics beamsplitter 1 kHz pulsed valve filter wheel focusing mirror toroidal mirror recombination mirror delay stage 4 mJ, 35 fs 800 nm Ti:Saph electron detection

14. Streaking with an attosecond pulse train (1 pulse / cycle) Ar Itatani et al., PRL 2002 Mairesse, Quéré, PRA 2005 Kienberger, Science 2002 Sansone, Science 2006 o Higher signal- Coherent superposition Imaging o Simulates an electron wave packet moving in a laser field o Quantum stroboscope

15. 130 as Mauritsson et al., PRL 2008 Rescattering of the electron by the atomic potential He strong field Coherent electron scattering with a train of attosecond wave packets Corkum, Ivanov et al. Diffraction by returning wp

16. Characterization of attosecond pulses in a train Paul et al. Science 2001 The sideband signal oscillates as Delay (fs) -10 -5 0 5 10 Weak field 10 12 W/cm 2 RABITT technique 17 19 21 23 25 Harmonic Order q q+2 small Ar

17. Characterization of attosecond pulses Mairesse et al. Science 2003 López-Martens et al., PRL 2005 The sideband signal oscillates as small Return time (T) 00.51 Kinetic energy 3 U p

18. Characterization of continuum wave packet The sideband signal oscillates as 3p He 796 nm 812 nm Hässler et al., 2009

19. The sideband signal oscillates as 3p He 10 3x10 12 Characterization of continuum wave packet

20. AC- Stark shift of the 3p state 3p Probe Clock

21. Femtosecond laser pulse Attosecond pulse train Generation and Application of Attosecond pulse trains GenerationApplication Measure and control electron dynamics Controlled sequences of attosecond pulses Easier, more signal Complementary tool Possibility of control

22. Johan Mauritsson Per Johnsson Mathieu Gisselbrecht Erik Mansten Marko Swoboda Thomas Fordell Kathrin Klünder Marcus Dahlström

23. FOM, Amsterdam: Marc Vrakking LSU: Kenneth J. Schafer Mette B Gaarde ETH, Zurich: Ursula Keller Polytechnico Milan: Mauro Nisoli

24. He Attosecond control of ionization Johnsson, PRL, 2007 Rivière, NJP, 2009