1. Electromagnetic induction
In this section you will learn:
The concept of electromagnetic induction
What effects the size and direction of the induced current/emf
Experiment to demonstrate the electromagnetic induction.
Concept of magnetic flux and unit
Understand and use Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction.
Understand and use Lenz's law
How electricity is generated using generators.
Experiment to demonstrate Lenz's law
Understand a.c. current and voltage.
Calculate r.m.s I and V values for a.c.
Understand mutual and self induction
Effect of inductors ón a.c.
Uses of inductors.
a.c. And capacitance
Transformers, step up and step down and uses.

2. Electromagnetic induction
We have seen that if you have a current flowing in a magnetic field, a force will act on it to try to move it.
What might happen if you move a wire in a magnetic field?
A current is induced in a conductor which moves inside a magnetic field.
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3. Electromagnetic induction
If you rotate the magnet in the coil or move it in or out of the coil or move the coil around the magnet an Emf is induced.
Rem: show phet simulation

4. Electromagnetic induction
As long as there is a changing magnetic field an emf is induced.
Whenever the magnetic field passing through a coil changes and emf is induced. This is called electromagnetic induction.
Show using datastudio with a coil, voltage and current sensor.
The size of the emf depends on:
The strength of the magnetic field
The number of loops (turns) in the coil
The speed of the coil or magnet.
The direction of the emf depends ón:
If the magnet is approaching the coil or moving away from it.
If a north or south pole goes in first.

5. Electromagnetic induction
Magnetic Flux
This a measure of the strength of the magnetic field. The greater the magnetic flux the greater the induced emf.
It depends on:
The area of the magnetic field at right angles to the wire/coil.
The magnetic flux density B (strength of the magnetic field/unit area
Magnetic flux = magnetic flux density x area
 = BA (usually measured in Wb)
1 Wb = 1T m2

6. Electromagnetic induction
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
The emf (E) induced in a conductor, due to a changing magnetic field, is proportional to the rate of change of flux
E = (d/dt).
Rotating Magnet
Doubling the speed of rotation will double the emf i.e. Faraday’s law is shown to be true.
For leaving certificate physics
E = change in  or E = final flux – initial flux
Time time
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7. Electromagnetic induction
Clearly if you have a coil of N turns,  = BAN
In fact for a coil of N turns (loops)
Change in flux
E = N
Time taken
You must be able to discribe and experiment to demonstrate Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

8. Electromagnetic induction
Lenz’s law
The induced emf, E, is created such as to oppose the motion that created it. dϕ dt
E = -
Induced emf
Rate of cutting of flux
Opposes the motion that created it

9. Electromagnetic induction
You must be able to discribe and experiment to demonstrate Lenz's law (show using Al ring, copper wire, strong magnet)
Notice the S pole in the coil to oppose the motion of the magnet towards it. (How?)
Notice the N pole of the coil to oppose the motion of the magnetic away from the coil. (How?)

10. This is direct current (dc).
Alternating Current
Mains electricity is high voltage and its direction changes 100 times every second (alternating current). This makes its behaviour very different to the electricity that we get from a cell or battery.
Time
Voltage
This is direct current (dc).
This is alternating current (ac) just like the mains!
Voltage
Time
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11. Alternating Current T Voltage Time
The arrow marks the time taken for one complete oscillation. This is the time period. In Ireland and Europe it is 0.02s (1/50th of a second).
The frequency is the number of complete cycles per second. That is 50 in Ireland. We say the mains frequency is 50Hz.
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12. Alternating Current
The European Commission has mandated that all EU countries harmonise their mains voltages.
The regulations state that the voltage should be in the range of 230V plus 8% and minus 10%
I.e. between 207.0V and 243.8V.
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13. It is the DC equivalent that would cause the same heating effect.
Alternating Current
This value, 230V, is called the RMS value – the root mean square value.
It is the DC equivalent that would cause the same heating effect.
We can obtain the peak voltage by multiplying the RMS voltage by √2.
Peak voltage Vp
Time
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14. Alternating Current
R.M.S values of a.c.
When we give a value of say 5A to an a.c current we mean it has the same heating effect as 5A d.c.
It has a maximum value of greater 5A in each direction. This 5A value is called the rms value.
(Note we take rms (root meán square) values as way averaging the the a.c I and V as an ordinary average would give zero.)
The following are the rms equations for I, V and P
Irms = I0 / or Io = Irms x 2
Vrms = V0 / 2 or Vo = Vrms x 2
P = Irms X Vrms or P = Irms R 2
I0 and V0 are the max values of I and V respectively

15. We know that V = IR and that P=IV
Alternating Current
Getting the electricity to your home is not an easy business. A great deal of energy could be lost in the cables that go from the power station to the local distribution point.
We know that V = IR and that P=IV
so we can see that P = I2R - this is an important result.
Suppose a long wire has a resistance of 2 and we pass a current of 10A through it.
P = I2R = 102 x 2 = 200W
that means that 200W of power are wasted in the wire
What if we put 10 times the current through it: 100A?
P = I2R = 1002 x 2 = 20000W
that means that 20kW of power are wasted in the wire
10 times the current and 100 times the wasted power. For this very reason electricity companies must transmit their high powers at low currents.
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16. High voltage, low current, low power loss
Alternating Current
Fortunately it is possible to do this by first stepping up the voltage (this lowers the current) and then transmitting it. It can finally be stepped down when it is close to the place that it will be used in.
High voltage, low current, low power loss
Low voltage, high current, less dangerous for consumer
Power Station
Step up transformer
Step down transformer
Consumer
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17. Consider two coils which are placed close to each other.
Induction
Consider two coils which are placed close to each other.
If an alternating current is passed through one coil, it will produce an alternating magnetic field around that coil.
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18. Induction
Notice how the changing magnetic field due to one coil, cuts the other coil.
It is just as if somebody is moving a magnet next to the coil on the right.
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19. Induction
Induction
The result is that an alternating emf is induced in the coil on the right.
Alternating
emf
It is just as if somebody is moving a magnet next to the coil on the right.
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20. Induction
If a changing magnetic field in one coil induces an emf in a nearby coil this is called mutual induction.
Alternating
emf
The voltages across the two coils vary in direct proportion to the ratio of the number turns (N) on the coils. I.e.
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21. Induction
The size of the induced emf is increased by
Having the coils closer together
Winding the coils on the same soft iron core.
Increasing the number of turns of both or either of the coils.
Demostrate mutual inductance using two coils.

22. Induction
Self-inductance.
When an a.c current passes through a coil it induces an emf due to the changing magnetic field of the current. This induced emf oposes the varying emf that causes it. (called back emf)
The size of the back emf can be increased by winding the coil on a soft iron core.

23. Induction
A.C. and inductors
A coil has a greater resistance to a.c than d.c.
When a d.c flows through a coil its resistance is simply its ohmic resistance using V = I R
When a.c flows through a coil because of the constantly changing magnetic field the resistance is the ohmic resistance plus the resistance due to the back emf which opposes the current causing it.
The greater the self inductance the more resistance a coil offers to a.c.

24. Induction
Uses of Inductors.
Smooth out variations in d.c power supply units.
Tuning circuits for radios.
Dimmer switches used in stage lighting.
Capacitors and a.c
Capacitors do not allow d.c to flow. (once charged)
Capacitors do allow a.c to flow
This is because the capacitor charges and discharges as the current changes direction

25. Induction

26. Induction
If a changing magnetic field in one coil induces an emf in a nearby coil this is called mutual induction.
Alternating
emf
The voltages across the two coils vary in direct proportion to the ratio of the number turns (N) on the coils. I.e.
© TPS 2010

27. If the voltages increase, the currents decrease and vice versa.
Induction
Transformers
This is the principle of a transformer – a device for changing voltages and currents.
If the voltages increase, the currents decrease and vice versa.
If the voltages increase, it is called a step-up transformer.
If the voltages decrease, it is called a step-down transformer.
If it was 100% efficient, then P1, the power input in the first coil (the primary) would be equal to P2, the power output in the second coil.
Since P=IV we can see that
IpVi = IsV0 and
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28. Induction
However, two coils just placed next to each other would make a very inefficient transformer as much of the magnetic field from the primary windings would not pass through the secondary windings.
The field can be concentrated by placing both coils onto a continuous, laminated, soft iron core.
Primar y
The input
Seconda ry
The output
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29. Induction
However, two coils just placed next to each other would make a very inefficient transformer as much of the magnetic field from the primary windings would not pass through the secondary windings.
The field can be concentrated by placing both coils onto a continuous, laminated, soft iron core.
The continuous nature of the core makes sure that as much of the field from the primary, passes through the secondary.
Primar y
The input
Seconda ry
The output
© TPS 2010

30. Induction
However, two coils just placed next to each other would make a very inefficient transformer as much of the magnetic field from the primary windings would not pass through the secondary windings.
The field can be concentrated by placing both coils onto a continuous, laminated, soft iron core.
Soft iron is used as it has no residual magnetism.
Work is not wasted by overcoming residual magnetism in the soft iron.
Primar y
The input
Seconda ry
The output
© TPS 2010

31. Induction
However, two coils just placed next to each other would make a very inefficient transformer as much of the magnetic field from the primary windings would not pass through the secondary windings.
The field can be concentrated by placing both coils onto a continuous, laminated, soft iron core.
The laminations of the core mean that it is made of thin sheets of soft iron, insulated from each other.
This stops eddy currents flowing in the core which would be a waste of energy, producing unwanted heat in the core.
Primar y
The input
Seconda ry
The output
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32. Induction Uses of Transformers
Electricity in power stations is generated a high voltages kVand then stepped up to kV to reduce loses in transmission of the power in the grid. This has to be reduced down to 220V for the domestic use.
Computers, televisions and all manor of electronic devices need transformers to supply the necessary voltage for the device.
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