1. Chapter 14(a) Acids and Bases

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–2 Common household substances that contain acids and bases. Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. Drain cleaners contain strong bases such as sodium hydroxide.

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–3 Figure 14.1: The reaction of HCl and H 2 O.

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–4 Figure 14.2: The reaction of an acid HA with water to form H 3 O+ and a conjugate base A-.

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–5 Figure 14.3: The reaction of NH 3 with HCl to form NH 4 + and Cl-.

6. Figure 14.4: Graphic representation of the behavior of acids of different strengths in aqueous solution. (a) A strong acid. (b) A weak acid.

7. Figure 14.5: The relationship of acid strength and conjugate base strength for the reaction

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–8

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–9 Figure 14.6: (a) A strong acid HA is completely ionized in water. (b) A weak acid HB exists mostly as undissociated HB molecules in water. Note that the water molecules are not shown in this figure.

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–10

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–11 Figure 14.7: Two water molecules react to form H 3 O+ and OH 2.

12. Figure 14.8: The pH scale and pH values of some common substances.

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–13 Figure 14.9: pH meters are used to measure acidity.

14. Chapter 14(b) Acids and Bases (cont’d)

15. An acetic acid solution, which is a weak electrolyte, contains only a few ions and does not conduct as much current as a strong electrolyte. The bulb is only dimly lit.

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–16 Figure 14.10: The effect of dilution on the percent dissociation and [H+] of a weak acid solution.

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23. Figure 14.11: The effect of the number of attached oxygens on the O—H bond in a series of chlorine oxyacids.

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–24

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–25

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–26 Figure 14.12: Reaction of BF 3 with NH 3.

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–27 Figure 14.13: The Al(H 2 O) 6 3 + ion.

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14a–28 Solving Acid-Base Problems