1. University of Papua New Guinea International Economics Lecture 3: International Political Economy

2. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 1 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Overview First, some fundamentals… Narrative I: The West versus ‘the Rest’ Narrative II: Globalisation and the rise of ‘the Rest’ Narrative III: Rising equality, rising inequality Narrative IV: Protectionism, free trade, or Fair Trade?

3. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 2 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish First, some fundamentals… Economics: –All about money? –The economic problem: unlimited wants versus finite resources –Economics ≠ capitalism –A social science: the ‘dismal science’ Where does economics intersect with politics? »EVERYWHERE!

4. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 3 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative I: The West versus ‘the Rest’ The legacy of colonialism and imperialism –A search for resources and markets Neocolonial dependency theory: –The centre exploits the periphery –Problems: Just the ‘West’? Is the exploitation deliberate?

5. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 4 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative II: Globalisation and the rise of ‘the Rest’ The rise of (some) of ‘the Rest’ Economic globalisation: –Free(-er) trade and investment –Dismantling of protectionist barriers –Technology transfer = ‘trade liberalisation’

6. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 5 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Source: UNCTAD, 2014 [http://unctad.org/en/pages/Statistics.aspx]http://unctad.org/en/pages/Statistics.aspx Value of International Trade (2013 USD millions)

7. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 6 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Source: UNCTAD, 2012 [http://dgff.unctad.org/ch apter1/1.1.html ]http://dgff.unctad.org/ch apter1/1.1.html ‘South-south’ trade (as a % of total developing country trade)

8. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 7 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative II: Globalisation and the rise of ‘the Rest’ Changing patterns of trade: –Initially dominated by horizontal linkages… –But now by vertical linkages!

9. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 8 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Source: [http://financesonline.com/how-iphone-is- made/]http://financesonline.com/how-iphone-is- made/ The Apple iPhone 5 value chain (number of manufacturing processes)

10. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 9 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative II: Globalisation and the rise of ‘the Rest’ The political story: –Distribution of economic power is changing international power dynamics –Unipolar -> multipolar Some big risks: –Tensions in the Asia-Pacific –Climate change

11. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 10 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative II: Globalisation and the rise of ‘the Rest’ Pressures on international economic governance IMF + World Bank = Bretton Woods institutions –Intellectual ‘soft power’ –Neoliberalism »An alternative institutional architecture?

12. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 11 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish The rise of the....

13. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 12 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Source: Forbes India, 2012 [http://forbesindia. com/article/boardr oom/bric- countries-hit-a- wall/33030/1]http://forbesindia. com/article/boardr oom/bric- countries-hit-a- wall/33030/1

14. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 13 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative III: Rising equality, rising inequality Global income inequality decreasing since c. 2002 Income inequality within countries on the rise Measuring income inequality: –The Gini coefficient 0 = perfect equality 1 = perfect inequality

15. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 14 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Source: The Economist, 2013 [http://www.economist.com/news/ china/21570749-gini-out-bottle]http://www.economist.com/news/ china/21570749-gini-out-bottle

16. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 15 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Source: The Economist, 2011 [http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/05/income_inequality]http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/05/income_inequality

17. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 16 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Source: Prof. Peter Whiteford, ANU, 2014 [https://theconversation.com/income- and-wealth-inequality-how-is-australia-faring-23483]https://theconversation.com/income- and-wealth-inequality-how-is-australia-faring-23483 Australian income inequality

18. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 17 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish

19. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 18 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish

20. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 19 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish

21. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 20 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative IV: Protectionism, free trade, or Fair Trade? The WTO is decently representative of countries –But not necessarily of citizens? Protectionism = barriers to free trade Economic exchange => value creation –Nationality is irrelevant!

22. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 21 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative IV: Protectionism, free trade, or Fair Trade? An Australian example: the car industry –Is corporate welfare a sustainable policy? –The best economic policy is the most direct: Is stopping trade your goal, or are you trying to support a particular group in society instead?

23. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 22 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative IV: Protectionism, free trade, or Fair Trade? Conclusion: Trade liberalisation is a net positive (cost < benefit) –BUT: Concentrated losses, thinly spread gains –A strong history (Australia, China, India, Vietnam, + many more!)

24. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 23 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish Narrative IV: Protectionism, free trade, or Fair Trade? …but what about Fair Trade? –A niche market –Poorest farmers miss out: time and money costs –Some evidence that it depresses prices for those who miss out

25. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 24 Lecture 3: International Political Economy Michael Cornish An exercise in mutual futility...?