1. Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Overview of brain anatomy & systems –Localization/networks –Scale in the nervous system –Sensorimotor systems How our brains interact with the external world (loops) –States ‘of mind’ (and body) Specific functional systems –Memory & emotion How our brains use previous experience to modify behavior Vision & attention; language

2. Learning & memory Where were you on the following day?

3. Learning & memory September 11, 2006

4. Learning & memory “Knowing that” Vs. “Knowing how” Gilbert Ryle, Oxford philosopher of mind, 1949

5. The limbic system: Memory & emotion

6. Medial temporal lobe memory system

7. Courtesy of S. Heckers (J N Trans, 2002)

8. Current standard 1mm structural imaging (AD patient) Trio TIM, 12 channel coil, 1mm 3 MPRAGE

9. High-resolution MR imaging 7 Tesla ex vivo Courtesy of Jean Augustinack & Bruce Fischl 100-150um resolution

10. High-resolution MPRAGE 32 channel coil, 3T Trio 0.38x0.38x1mm MPRAGE (ipat x 2, 10 min acq time, 112 slices), Seven acquisitions were motion-corrected and averaged. Beautiful contrast & anatomic detail is present, including thalamic nuclei, claustrum, tiny perforating vessels

11. High-resolution MPRAGE Excellent grey-white contrast is present in hippocampus; note also tiny pial perforating vessels

12. Learning & memory: HM H.M.Control Corkin S, J Nsci, 1997

13. Learning & memory: HM

14. Multiple memory systems

15. Learning & memory What task would you use to show differential hippocampal activation? (When is the hippocampus “off”?)

16. Functional MRI Paradigm Functional MRI Paradigm Scene encoding (block design) ++ +++ Novel Repeated Adapted from C.E. Stern et al., PNAS, 1996 5s40s25s

17. Learning & memory: Novelty Stern CE, PNAS 1996

18. Learning & memory: Events Brewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998

19. Learning & memory: Individual variability in MTL activation Vandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004

20. Learning & memory: Individual variability in anatomy Vandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004

21. Genetic influences on MTL activation Hariri et al., J Neurosci, 2003Bookheimer et al.,NEJM, 2000 BDNF val/val > val/met APOE 4 > 3

22. Multiple memory systems

23. Learning & memory: Frontal lobe anatomy

24. Learning & memory: Frontal lobe & episodic memory Brewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998

25. Learning & memory: Working memory Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Digit span Delayed match to sample N-back

26. Learning & memory: Working memory D’Esposito M, 2002

27. Learning & memory: Working memory & sleep deprivation Drummond SP, Nature 2004 After full night sleepAfter sleep deprivation N-back task

28. Learning & memory: Striatal anatomy

29. Learning & memory: Striatum & procedural memory Knowlton BJ, Science 1996

30. Emotional learning & memory: Amygdala & orbitofrontal cortex Poldrack R, Nature 2001

31. Emotional conditioning is dependent on amygdala, declarative learning on the hippocampus Bechara A, Science 1995

32. Amygdala activation is related to emotional intensity at encoding, and predicts recall Canli T, J Neurosci 2000 Recognition 3 weeks later

33. ‘Unseen’ emotional stimuli activate amygdala & can elicit emotional conditioning Morris JS, Brain 2001

34. Systems for processing facial emotion Adolphs R, Curr Opn Nbiol 2002

35. Learning & memory Binding information processed by the brain for storage and future use, particularly with relevance to survival & other needs