1. R GB DF : R ESOURCE G OAL AND B EHAVIOUR D ESCRIPTION F RAMEWORK Olena Kaykova, Oleksiy Khriyenko, Vagan Terziyan, Andriy Zharko Jyväskylä, Finland 25 August 2005, Industrial Ontologies Group, Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, FINLAND

2. Our Team and Consortium University of Jyväskylä Industrial Ontologies Group http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/OntoGroup/

3. MAIN RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Our intention is to provide tools and solutions to make heterogeneous industrial resources (files, documents, services, devices, processes, systems, human experts, etc.) web-accessible, proactive and cooperative in a sense that they will be able to analyze their state independently from other systems or to order such analysis from remote experts or Web-services to be aware of own condition and to plan behavior towards effective and predictive maintenance. GUN G lobal U nderstanding e N vironment

4. GUN Concept: All GUN resources “understand” each other…

5. Two Stages of Adaptation … XML 1 XML 2 XML n XML 0 Based on Unified State/Condition Description XML Schema Syntactic Adaptation: XSLT-Transformation Semantic Adaptation: Based on Ontology of Templates and Mapping Rules General Adaptation Framework (GAF) Resource Adaptation Framework Semantic Resource Adaptation Framework is a generic ontology-based approach to design adapters for heterogeneous Web resources. Resource Adapters Semantic Resource Adapters suppose to “wrap” data retrieved from external resources with semantic templates and deliver semantically annotated data from outside to a resource stripping out semantic markup.

6. Evolution of RDF

7. rscdfs: Context_SR_Container SR_Statement: statement context rscdfs: SR_Statement is a subclass of the rdf:Statement. It also describe a statement but has a very innovative and useful addition – Statement Context. Via trueInContext property an instance of the rscdfs: SR_Statement points on a context container of other contextual statements. rscdfs: SR_Statement rdfs: Resource rscdfs: SR_Property subject object predicate rdfs: Resource rscdfs:SR_Statement Container of a context rscdfs:SR_Statement … trueInContext rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rscdfs: SR_Statement domainrange rdf: Property type trueInContext Extension of the rdf:Statement to rscdfs:SR_Statement with a trueInContext property

8. Statement is a true statement just if the statement context is TRUE. Statement (about ”Service #1 sets diagnosis Emergency”) makes sense in context, that Model #1 was used, a diagnostic was based on State #1 of Device #1 in certain time t1. RDF R eification – RSCDF T rue I n C ontext Service #1 Emergency diagnosis useModel inTime basedOn Model #1 t1 State #1 Environment hasTime Device #1 hasState Service #1 Emergency diagnosis Service #1 Model #1 hasModel Environment t1 hasTime Device #1 State #1 hasState hasModel … T RUE I N C ONTEXT RDFReification RDF Reification trueInContext

9. Behavior and mental state description Resource Agent non factual statement Extension with a non factual statement for desires description. It is not a fact, it is a goal that Agent intends to achieve. rgbdfs: Goal_Statement SSS PPP rdf: subject rdf: object rscdfs: predicate rscdfs:Context_SR_Container rscdfs: trueInContext OOO Behaviour Statement Extension with a Behaviour Statement for defining goal dependent actions. Necessary and sufficient conditions dependent rule description. rgbdfs: Behaviour_Statement rscdfs: ResourceAgent rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rgbdfs: Behaviour_Container rdf: object rgbdfs: hasBehaviour rgbdfs: falseInContext rgbdfs: Goal_Container rscdfs: trueInContext rgbdfs: predicate rgbdfs: subject

10. RDF Evolution towards GUN

11. Introduction to R G/B DFS

12. Smart Resource 2005 Scenario (3 scenes) “Expert” “Service” Labelled data Diagnostic model Querying diagnostic results Labelled data Watching and querying diagnostic data Labelled data History data “Device” Querying data for learning Learning sample and Querying diagnostic results “Knowledge Transfer from Expert to Service” Agent plays roles: Scene 1: “patient”; Scene 2: “teacher”; Scene 3: “patient” Agent plays roles: Scene 1: “diagnostic expert”; Scene 2: “no play”; Scene 3: “no play” Agent plays roles: Scene 1: “no play”; Scene 2: “student”; Scene 3: “diagnostic expert”

13. BDI (Beliefs-Desires-Intensions): Underlying Model for R GB DF Profiles D Desires I IntensionsActions B Beliefs Observation Communication GoalsBehavior Execution Context Roles R SC DF R GB DF Jonker C., Terziyan V., Treur J., Temporal and Spatial Analysis to Personalize an Agent’s Dynamic Belief, Desire and Intention Profiles, In: M. Klush et al. (eds.), Cooperative Information Agents VII: Proceedings of the 7-th International Workshop on Cooperative Information Agents (CIA-2003), Helsinki, Finland, August 27- 29, 2003, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, V. 2782, Springer-Verlag, pp. 289-315.Temporal and Spatial Analysis to Personalize an Agent’s Dynamic Belief, Desire and Intention Profiles7-th International Workshop on Cooperative Information Agents (CIA-2003)

14. R G/B DFS Goal Statement rgbdfs:Goal_Statement is a class of the “goal” instances. This class is similar to rscdfs:SR_Statement and is a subclass of it. Triple describes some fact-statement which is not true in the current resource state, but resource is aimed to make it true (an Agent intends to achieve this goal). Each goal is dynamic and can be aimed by resource in a certain context. rgbdfs: Goal_Statement SSS PPP rdf: subject rdf: object rscdfs: predicate rscdfs:Context_SR_Container rscdfs: trueInContext OOO rscdfs: falseInContext rscdfs:Context_SR_Container

15. R G/B DFS Goal Statement Example rgbdfs: Goal_Statement Mirja has rdf: subject rdf: object rscdfs: predicate Mirja has birthday Mirja likes flowers rscdfs: trueInContext flowers rscdfs: falseInContext Mirja has flowers

16. R G/B DFS has_ goals Statement rgbdfs: Goal_Statement rgbdfs: hasGoals rscdfs: predicate rdf: subject rscdfs: ResourceAgent rscdfs: SR_Statement rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rscdfs: trueInContext rdf: object rgbdfs: Goal_Statement rgbdfs: Goal_Container rscdfs: falseInContext rscdfs:Context_SR_Container

17. R G/B DFS Behaviour Statements rgbdfs:Behaviour_Statement is a class of the behaviour instances. This class is a subclass of rscdfs:SR_Statement with extended properties. rscdfs:ResourceAgent class plays role of the subject range. Range of the statement’s predicate is restricted by rgbdfs:B_Property class (subclass of the rscdfs:SR_Property). An object of the behaviour statement can be represented by rgbdfs:Behaviour_Container (container of nested behaviour statements if root behaviour is complex) or atomic execution. rscdfs:falseInContext property makes a link to goal container, which contains goal statement(s) (because behaving has a sense when a goal is not achieved). If the presence of a Goal is a necessary condition for the behaviour, then context statements (condition of the environment) is a sufficient condition (which is represented by contextual container via the rscdfs:trueInContext property). rgbdfs: Behaviour_Statement rscdfs: ResourceAgent rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rgbdfs: Behaviour_Container rdf: object rgbdfs: hasBehaviour rgbdfs: falseInContext rgbdfs: Goal_Container rscdfs: trueInContext rgbdfs: predicate rgbdfs: subject

18. Behaviour Statement Example rgbdfs: Behaviour_Statement rscdfs: ResourceAgent Agent has money Agent buys flowers Agent comes to Mirja Agent presents flowers to Mirja rdf: object rgbdfs: hasBehaviour rgbdfs: falseInContext Agent has presented flowers to Mirja rscdfs: trueInContext rgbdfs: predicate rgbdfs: subject

19. rgbdfs: Behaviour_Statement rgbdfs: Goal_Statement R G/B DFS Containers rgbdfs:Goal_Container is a class of the goal container instances. This class is a subclass of rscdfs:SR_Container in general. It represents a container of goal statements, which define the goals. Such container plays a role of context (via rscdfs:falseInContext property) for a behaviour statement till the goal will be achieved, and that is why it is a direct subclass of rscdfs:Context_SR_Container. rgbdfs:gMember property is a redefined from rscdfs:member property and defines instance of the rgbdfs:Goal_Statement class as a member of the container. rgbdfs:Behaviour_Container is a class of the behaviour container instances. As a subclass of rscdfs:SR_Statement it has a redefined rgbdfs:bMember property. A main role of the behaviour container is to collect the nested behaviours for a complex behaviour (represented by behaviour statement). rgbdfs: Goal_Container rgbdfs: gMember rgbdfs: Behaviour_Container rgbdfs: bMember

20. Some complex goals can be divided to the set of component sub-goals. Thus, goal container plays role of the goal set, members of which are sub goals of complex goal. A property rgbdfs:subGoal is definedin RG/BDFS-liteto specify the set of sub goals for a complex goal. The domain and range for this property are rgbdfs:Goal_Statement and rgbdfs:Goal_Container classes correspondingly. Some complex goals can be divided to the set of component sub-goals. Thus, goal container plays role of the goal set, members of which are sub goals of complex goal. A property rgbdfs:subGoal is defined in RG/BDFS-lite to specify the set of sub goals for a complex goal. The domain and range for this property are rgbdfs:Goal_Statement and rgbdfs:Goal_Container classes correspondingly. rscdfs: SR_Statement R G/B DFS Complex (nested) Goals rgbdfs: Goal_Statement SSS PPP rdf: subject rdf: object rscdfs: predicate rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rscdfs: trueInContext OOO rgbdfs: Goal_Statement rgbdfs: Goal_Container rdf: object rscdfs: predicate rgbdfs: subGoal rdf: subject rscdfs: SR_Statement rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rscdfs: trueInContext

21. Mirja has birthday Mirja likes flowers Complex Goal Example rgbdfs: Goal_Statement Mirja has rdf: subject rdf: object rscdfs: predicate rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rscdfs: trueInContext Flowers Agent has > 10 EURO Agent is located at the flower market Agent has flowers rdf: object rscdfs: predicate rgbdfs: subGoal rdf: subject rscdfs: SR_Statement Agent is located at Mirja’s home rgbdfs: Goal_Container

22. Simple behaviour, which means performing a certain action (execution of certain method, code…), can be described via rgbdfs:execute property (instance of the rgbdfs:B_Property class), which defines instance of rgbdfs:Execution class for a resource agent. This instance describes exact method (code, service and etc.), inputs, outputs and other features of execution entry. RG/BDFS-lite has rgbdfs:hasBehaviour property (instance of the rgbdfs:B_Property class) to define a complex behaviour (which means performing a set of nested behaviours) for an agent. This property defines a set of behaviour statements via behaviour container for a resource agent. rgbdfs: Behaviuor_Statement rscdfs: SR_Statement R G/B DFS Behaviour rgbdfs: Behaviour_Statement rscdfs: ResourceAgent rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rgbdfs: Behaviour_Container rdf: object rgbdfs: hasBehaviour rgbdfs: falseInContext rgbdfs: Goal_Container rscdfs: trueInContext rgbdfs: predicate rgbdfs: subject rgbdfs: Execution rdf: object rgbdfs: subject rgbdfs: execute rgbdfs: predicate rgbdfs: Goal_Container rscdfs: falseInContext rscdfs: ResourceAgent

23. Agent presents flowers to Mirija rgbdfs: Execution rdf: object rgbdfs: subject rgbdfs: execute rgbdfs: predicate rscdfs: ResourceAgent Agent has flowers rscdfs: falseInContext Agent comes to Mirja Agent buys flowers rscdfs: SR_Statement Behaviour Example rgbdfs: Behaviour_Statement rscdfs: ResourceAgent Agent has money rgbdfs: Behaviour_Container rdf: object rgbdfs: hasBehaviour rgbdfs: falseInContext Mirja has flowers rscdfs: trueInContext rgbdfs: predicate rgbdfs: subject Agent is located at Mirja’s home rscdfs: falseInContext rscdfs: trueInContext

24. R G/B DFS Role Another important part of behaviour structuring is an agent role and related goal definition. rgbdfs:hasRole property defines a role ( rgbdfs:Role ) for resource agent in certain context. Another property, that is related to the agent role, is rgbdfs:goals, which defines a goal or a set of the goals correspondent to the subject rolevia a goal container. Resource agent may have different roles and a set of goals can be different even for the same role depending on the context (environment condition). At the same time a set of the goals can be linked to certain agent directly (without role specification) through rgbdfs:hasGoals property.. Another important part of behaviour structuring is an agent role and related goal definition. rgbdfs:hasRole property defines a role ( rgbdfs:Role ) for resource agent in certain context. Another property, that is related to the agent role, is rgbdfs:goals, which defines a goal or a set of the goals correspondent to the subject role via a goal container. Resource agent may have different roles and a set of goals can be different even for the same role depending on the context (environment condition). At the same time a set of the goals can be linked to certain agent directly (without role specification) through rgbdfs:hasGoals property.. rgbdfs: hasRole rgbdfs: Role rdf: object rscdfs: predicate rdf: subject rscdfs: ResourceAgent rscdfs: SR_Statement rgbdfs:Goal_Statement rgbdfs:Goal_Statement rgbdfs:Goal_Statement rgbdfs: Goal_Container rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rscdfs: trueInContext rscdfs: SR_Statement rgbdfs: goals rscdfs: trueInContex t rdf: subject rscdfs: predicate rdf: object rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rgbdfs: hasGoals rscdfs: predicate rdf: subject rscdfs: ResourceAgent rscdfs: SR_Statement rscdfs: Context_SR_Container rscdfs: trueInContext rdf: object

25. Agent Platform Architecture RG/BDF approach assumes keeping all the goals, roles descriptions and behaviour rules templates in ontology. The behaviour rules templates are described in general way with a purpose to be applied to any particular agent. Such description requires utilization of a handy and flexible description schema (R G/B DFS-Lite). SmartResource platform contains a Resource History where it stores all statements about resource states and conditions, actions that are performed by resource agent and other information that can be useful for it. There are also can be located some executable modules (codes) that agent should perform as an output of its behaviour rule chain. Otherwise it should utilize external web services. Agent always should interact with ontology to be able to download necessary role, goal description or behaviour template whenever the agent needs it. Behaviour template represents a rule for behaviour. Represented by behaviour statement the template contains necessary condition (goal) and sufficient condition (condition of the environment) as the contexts of rule performance and a set of the performance descriptions as an output of the rule. Resource History Ontology Templates Roles Goals Behaviour rules Resource Agent Behaviour description Templates Executable modules or Web Services Execution module descriptions

26. Template examples

27. Role and Goal templates

28. Nested Goal template

29. Nested agent behaviour

30. Current and future work

31. Current and future work (cont.) Service Agent Common ontology Service Platform Web-ServiceWeb-Service Goal-driven behavior

32. Thank you! Questions?