1. Ecology Global climate and productivity Species diversity Island biogeography Niche partitioning

2. Discussion readings Stevens RD, Cox SB, Strauss RE, Willig MR 2003 Patterns of functional diversity across an extensive environmental gradient: vertebrate consumers, hidden treatments and latitudinal trends. ECOLOGY LETTERS 6: 1099-1108 Aguirre LF, Herrel A, van Damme R, et al. 2002 Ecomorphological analysis of trophic niche partitioning in a tropical savannah bat community. P ROY SOC LOND B BIO 269: 1271-1278. Giannini NP, Kalko EKV 2004 Trophic structure in a large assemblage of phyllostomid bats in Panama. OIKOS 105: 209-220. Bernard E, Fenton MB 2002 Species diversity of bats (Mammalia : Chiroptera) in forest fragments, primary forests, and savannas in central Amazonia, Brazil. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 80: 1124-1140. Freeman PW 2000 Macroevolution in Microchiroptera: Recoupling morphology and ecology with phylogeny. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH 2: 317-335.

3. Source of the seasons Earth’s axis tilts 23.5 o

4. Orbital cycles influence temperature 100,000 y period 41,000 y period 22,000 y period

5. Ice ages can be predicted from orbital cycles

6. Ice sheets influence species ranges

7. Greenhouse emissions may lead to accelerated warming

8. Global atmospheric patterns

9. Ocean currents

10. Surface ocean temperatures Pacific coastAtlantic coast

11. Rain shadows

12. Temperature and precipation create biomes

13. Biome distribution

14. Global primary productivity Annual productivity increases with mean temperature and rainfall

15. Energy flow Only 1% of energy from sun is trapped by plants during photosynthesis Approximately 10% of energy is passed to next trophic level

16. Food chain length depends on primary productivity and ecological efficiency of each trophic level Energy pyramid

17. Bat species diversity

18. Bat species diversity by latitude

20. Reasons for tropical diversity Energy stability: more solar energy allows for more diversity Greater specialization: individual abundance decreases as diversity increases Habitat diversity is greater so there are more niches to fill

21. Species range patterns Tropical species have smaller ranges than expected Temperate species have larger ranges than expected

22. Restricted vs widespread species Gleaners have restricted ranges

23. Body size and species abundance Bergman’s rule: species become larger away from the equator - bats do not show this Body mass does not correlate with abundance in bats. Other mammals show negative correlation between body mass and abundance. Percent species Log body mass

24. Island biogeography How many species do we expect on the island?

25. Island biogeography S = equilibrium number of species I = immigration rate E = extinction rate

26. Island biogeography predictions Area effect

27. Island biogeography predictions Distance effect

28. Species-area relationships

29. Bat species-area patterns Tropical forests Habitats Larger areas sustain more species

30. Area and distance effect for Polynesian megachiroptera

31. Bat wing shape has been used to define feeding guilds Wing loading = mass/wing area Aspect ratio = wingspan 2 /wing area –Low AR = short, broad wings –High AR = long, narrow wings

32. Niche partitioning

33. Niche space expansion Temperate Tropical