1. Design of a 1-D Sonic Anemometer MDR Presentation Group Members: Vanessa Dubé, Michael Jao, Chethan Srinivasa, Robert Vice Advisors: Professor Jackson (ECE Department), Professor Voss (Geoscience Department)

2. Background What is a Sonic Anemometer? –Device that measures windspeed What is unique about our anemometer? –Will measure small windspeeds –Will be utilized by the Geoscience Department for weather research

3. Background (Cont’d) Anemometer uses transducers to send and receive acoustic signals through air Used two transmitters and two receivers Absolute time will vary with windspeed Sine wave sent from function generator to both transmitters

4. Block Diagram Frequency Generator Comparator Circuitry LED Display PLD Speaker 1 Receiver 2Speaker 2 Receiver 1

5. Initial Calculations Found how absolute time was affected by a change of 1mm/s in velocity –Began with simple equations for velocity that relate distance, time, and temperature to windspeed –Assumed room temperature, so that the velocity of sound in air was 330 m/s –Looked at the change in absolute time that resulted from a change of 1mm/s in windspeed over a distance of 3 m

6. Initial Calculations (Cont’d) –Calculated t 1 and t 2 –Found change in absolute time Found the frequency of the counter we will need –Chose a counter frequency higher than 18.15MHz –Solved for the number of bits in the counter register

7. Zero Crossing Detector Chose to convert sine waves to digital signals using LM339 Comparator Digital signal is high only when the amplitude of the sine wave is greater than zero Used digital signals to determine zero crossings of sine waves Phase difference of two received waves is the difference in zero crossing locations

8. Comparator Used LM339 because it operates at a higher frequencies and has less delay time Comparator circuitry:

9. Comparator (Cont’d) Input and output waveforms of comparator circuitry

10. Comparator (Cont’d) Calculations go here

11. Transducers Part numbers P9895-ND and P9894-ND One for transmit and one for receive Lowest frequency for cost effectiveness and familiarization Nominal frequency 40.0 kHz Temperature range -40-100°C Sensitivity is 0dB

12. Optimal measured frequency of 40.2 kHz Continuous sine input for optimal received signal Transducers (Cont’d)

13. Test Setup DC fan 4”x84” PVC drain pipe Quick-cap (end cap) 6’x2”x2” pine board with 5” slots Wendy’s™ straws CD case for mounts Twisted pair insulated wire

14. Wind Flow Testing Developed method to test windspeed generated by fan

15. Wind Flow Testing (Cont’d)

17. Read phase difference from oscilloscope Compared generated windspeed to windspeed ovserved by system Found the observed windspeed to be relatively close to the actual windspeed

18. Wind Flow Testing (Cont’d)

19. PLD/Counter PLD Controller (Left) - For direction and clock signal PLD Counter (Right) - Temporary until counter is received 4 MHz clock (will use 125MHz )

20. Complications Comparator Offset High freq wave Noise in System Amplification Etc

21. Expenses

22. Conclusions Met Specs!