1. fourteen contrast 1: shadow and light

2. (Some) components of an image Parameters (of pixels and regions) Color: hue, saturation, value (brightness) Texture Size Weight Contrast Variations in a parameter Form Line Plane Volume Shape Composition Placement Balance, proportion, scale relationships Repetition/change

3. Contrast Defines objects Directs attention Local contrast draws attention Establishes mood Wide range/narrow range More contrast generally more dramatic

4. Chiaroscuro: Contrast in value Most important source of information for the visual system Used to Separate figure from ground Direct attention Establish shape Establish depth Set mood Manipulated through control of Shape Pigmentation Lighting Fritz Lang, M (German, 1931)

5. Haloing Separates figure from ground Friedl Dicker, Light and dark study, c. 1920

6. Rim lighting Used to emphasize outline of an object in shadow Key light leaves left edge of character in shadow Can’t make out object boundaries Spooky (Tom Hanks isn’t supposed to be spooky) Weak rim light brings up contrast at object boundary Tom Hanks safely de-spooked keyfillrim John Lasseter, Toy Story (USA, 1995)

7. Directing attention Eye is drawn toward Bright areas Areas of high contrast

8. Directing attention Rembrandt, The Night Watch, c. 1624 Caravaggio The Calling of St. Matthew, C. 1597

9. Modeling Pictorial techniques to bring out object shape Chiaroscuro very important Point-lights generate strong shadows Highlights Carvaggio, Incredulity of St. Thomas

10. Modeling

11. Shape from shading We compute surface curvature from intensity gradients Bias to assume light source is above the head

12. Modeling with lighting Key light Offset from camera Mood, modeling Fill light Fills in rest of scene Keeps shadows under control Others Back light, rim light, …

13. Photography with direct flash is evil Direct flash has the light source at the lens, pointing at the subject Flattens image Highlights are in the “wrong” place Bounce flash points the light at the ceiling or some other surface

14. The Boris Karloff effect

15. Mood Contrast connotes emotional intensity Danger Excitement Example: film noir Washed-out scenes connote dreariness Boris Karloff effect

16. Mood Georges de la tour, The Repentant Magdalene, C. 1640 Georges de la tour, St. Sebastian, C. 1650

17. Cold light

18. Warm light

19. Fritz Lang, Metropolis (Germany, 1926)

21. Fritz Lang, M (Germany, 1931)

22. Fritz Lang, Blue Gardenia (USA, 1953)

23. Cohen bros., Blood Simple (USA, 1984)

24. film noir one-stop shopping for examples of high-key dramatic lighting

25. The Locket (USA, 1947)

26. Gun for Hire (1942)

27. Scarlet Street (1945)

28. Hollow Triumph (1948)

29. Sudden Fear (1952)

30. the 1970s one-stop shopping for examples of low-key ennui lighting

31. The French Connection (1971)

32. Annie Hall (1977)

33. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975)

34. Fantasy/SF more high-key lighting and chiaroscuro

35. Dark City (1998)

36. Dark city

37. Dark City

43. City of Lost Children (France, 1995)