1. Chapter 15 NATURE AND NURTURE

2. You Started as One Cell: Stem cells

3. Nature/Nurture Genetics is potential (Nature) Environment acts on this potential (Nurture) Forks in the road of Development

4. Preparing To Live On You Own: The HPA Axis Breathing Gluconeogenesis Epigenetics and development (Fetal programming Thrifty metabolism

5. Postnatal Development Organization of the nervous system Your brain is learning how to control your body Growth Puberty

6. Genetics Dominant Recessive Co-dominant Also X-linked Inherited probabilities Diabetes Heart disease cancer

7. Aging Hayflick Limit Other –Oxidative stress –Accumulated damage –Calorie restriction???

8. Healthcare: Manipulating Human Function Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment Medicine is becoming Drugs. Individualized medicine?

9. How Drugs are Prescribed

11. Drugs Alter relationships between molecules Alter balance Do not create anything new

12. Taking Drugs

13. Modes of Administration Topical (patch) Subcutaneous Oral Intra-peritoneal (I.P) Intra-muscular (I.M) Intra-venous (I.V)

14. The Body Acts on Drugs Can Change the drug into another drug Can detoxify the drug

15. Timing is important When a drug is taken is important –Resistance –Tolerance /dependence –etc

16. Removal of Drugs Liver Kidney Digestive system

17. Drug Development Natural compounds Synthetic compounds Screening Goal: safe and effective

18. Preclinical Chemical Characterization Cell culture Several Animal species –LD 50 How much of the drug kills one-half of the animals –distribution

19. Clinical Phase I Requires FDA approval Healthy volunteers Double blind: drug or placebo Side effects and toxicities

20. Clinical Phase II Requires FDA approval Healthy volunteers (safety) Some sick people (effective) Longer term treatment

21. Clinical Phase III Requires FDA approval Large scale clinical with patients Define “Safe” and “Effective” Risk vs Benefit

22. Clinical Phase IV Requires FDA approval On probation On the market Being tested on the public

23. The Assessment

24. Informed Consent