1. Reading assignments: biological control van Klinken, R. and Raghu, S. 2006. A scientific approach to agent selection. Australian Journal of Entomology 45: 253-258. Denslow, J., and D’Antonio, C. 2005. After bio-control: assessing indirect effects of insect releases. Biological Control 35:307-318. Kirby et al. 2000. Biological control of leafy spurge with introduced flea beetles (Apthona spp.). Journal of Range Management 53(3): 305-308.

2. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods Least public opposition Number of success stories Difficulty locating enemy Non-target effects Most likely a problem when the invasive species has closely related plants in the invaded area Monitor non-targets

3. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds

4. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Agricultural impact Impact to natural areas Toxicity Beneficial characteristics Relatedness to native species Origin Extent of invasion

5. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Agricultural impact Impact to natural areas Toxicity Beneficial characteristics Relatedness to native species Origin Extent of invasion McClay, A. S. 1989. Selection of suitable target weeds for classical biological control in Alberta. AECV89-RI. Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada.

6. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Agricultural impact Impact to natural areas Toxicity Beneficial characteristics Relatedness to native species Origin Extent of invasion McClay, A. S. 1989. Selection of suitable target weeds for classical biological control in Alberta. AECV89-RI. Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada. Peschken, D. P and A. S. McClay. 1995. Picking the target – a revision of McClay’s scoring system to determine the suitability of a weed for classical biological control, pp. 137-143. In Delfosse E. S. and R. R. Scott (eds.). Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Canterbury NZ.

7. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority. economic losses (light to very severe) 0-30 pts Additional points: Size of the infested area expected spread Toxicity Available means of control Economic justification.

8. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority. economic losses Biological elements Geographic origin: more points for non-US weeds

9. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority. economic losses Biological elements Geographic origin: more points for non-N. Am. weeds Habitat stability: more points for stable habitats (rangelands VS croplands)

10. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority. economic losses Biological elements Geographic origin: more points for non-N. Am. weeds Habitat stability: more points for stable habitats (rangelands VS croplands) Points added for absence of close native relatives

11. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority. economic losses Biological elements Geographic origin: more points for non-N. Am. weeds Habitat stability: more points for stable habitats (rangelands VS croplands) Points added for absence of close native relatives

12. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority. economic losses Biological elements Other means: decision of scientists, survey of land managers and weed biologists, political pressures, perceived need, mandate in legislation

13. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents

14. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005. Project Number: 0211-22000-006-00

15. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)

16. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species

17. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America

18. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent.

19. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent. presence and abundance related to climate

20. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent. presence and abundance related to climate phenology of control agents and hosts

21. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent. presence and abundance related to climate phenology of control agents and hosts type and level of damage on targets

22. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent. presence and abundance related to climate phenology of control agents and hosts type and level of damage on targets Oviposition and feeding substrates

23. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent. presence and abundance related to climate phenology of control agents and hosts type and level of damage on targets Oviposition and feeding substrates overwintering sites

24. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent. presence and abundance related to climate phenology of control agents and hosts type and level of damage on targets Oviposition and feeding substrates overwintering sites Host range tests: primary and closely related hosts, critical hosts

25. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent iv)Climate modeling to match sources to target populations

26. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent iv)Climate modeling to match sources to target populations v)Introduction of bio-control agents to quarantine sites in US for further testing

27. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005 Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water- hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius) i)Literature review to identify promising species ii)Field surveys in South America iii)Safety and effectiveness of control agent iv)Climate modeling to match sources to target populations v)Introduction of bio-control agents to quarantine sites in US for further testing vi)Progress: have ID’d several agents and host species lists for each invasive plant. Prioritization of agents next priority. Import and testing in US projected for 2007-2008.

28. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Rear the bio-control agent Laboratory rearing: Easier, more cost effective, less mortality, more insects? Not ‘hardened’ to environmental conditions, lower success in releases

29. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Rear the bio-control agent Laboratory rearing: Easier, more cost effective, less mortality, more insects? Not ‘hardened’ to environmental conditions, lower success in releases Field rearing: More difficult, more expensive, fewer insects Site selection is important (high quality stand of target plant)

30. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Rear the bio-control agent Laboratory rearing: Easier, more cost effective, less mortality, more insects? Not ‘hardened’ to environmental conditions, lower success in releases Field rearing: More difficult, more expensive, fewer insects Site selection is important (high quality stand of target plant) ‘quality’ probably outweighs ‘quantity’ in bio-control releases

31. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Rear the bio-control agent Release the biocontrol agent

32. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Rear the bio-control agent Release the biocontrol agent Only about 60% of released agents become established (Crawley 1989).

33. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Rear the bio-control agent Release the biocontrol agent Only about 60% of released agents become established (Crawley 1989) Success affected by climate, size of release, number and timing of releases, predators, weather conditions Improve success by releasing field-reared agents, matching climate, selecting release site carefully (high density of target plants, few predators)

34. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Rear the bio-control agent Release the biocontrol agent Only about 60% of released agents become established (Crawley 1989) Success affected by climate, size of release, number and timing of releases, predators, weather conditions Improve success by releasing field-reared agents, matching climate, selecting release site carefully (high density of target plants, few predators) Caged releases VS open field releases

35. 5)Management c)Control iii)Biological methods: How to implement? Identify appropriate target weeds Identify possible bio-control agents Rear the bio-control agent Release the biocontrol agent Only about 60% of released agents become established (Crawley 1989) Success affected by climate, size of release, number and timing of releases, predators, weather conditions Improve success by releasing field-reared agents, matching climate, selecting release site carefully (high density of target plants, few predators) Caged releases VS open field releases e.g. Kirby et al 2000: released 80 beetles in 1989, 1000 beetles in 1990. Open release, colonization was successful.

36. Biological control in CA: success rates and references

37. Biological control in CA: cont’d

38. 5)Management c)Control iv)Underlying socioeconomic issues Introductions = $$$ Many (most) NIS introduced intentionally

39. 5)Management c)Control iv)Underlying socioeconomic issues Introductions = $$$ Many (most) NIS introduced intentionally Concern about control (esp biological control) Other economic benefits of invasives – e.g. Purple Loosestrife makes good honey!

40. 5)Management c)Control iv)Underlying socioeconomic issues Introductions = $$$ Public sentiment Southwest Willow flycatcher Endangered species; Nests in Tamarisk (nest success lower in Tamarisk Than in native vegetation but Still a concern)

41. 5)Management c)Control iv)Underlying socioeconomic issues Introductions = $$$ Public sentiment Fear of non-native species IUCN prohibits release of NIS (non-indigenous species) in natural areas… this would mean no biological control Concern about non-target effects

42. 5)Management c)Control iv)Underlying socioeconomic issues Introductions = $$$ Public sentiment Fear of non-native species IUCN prohibits release of NIS (non-indigenous species) in natural areas… this would mean no biological control Concern about non-target effects

43. 5)Management d)Eradication Feasibility

44. 5)Management d)Eradication Feasibility: Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal

45. 5)Management d)Eradication Feasibility: Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore

46. 5)Management d)Eradication Feasibility: Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore Widespread support

47. 5)Management d)Eradication Feasibility: Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore Widespread support Prevent re-invasion

48. 5)Management d)Eradication Feasibility: Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore Widespread support Prevent re-invasion Low populations

49. 5)Management d)Eradication Feasibility: Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore Widespread support Prevent re-invasion Low populations