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Frans Aarts Wageningen University and Research Centre (W-UR) Plant Research International Plantekongres 2005, Denmark Nutrient balances: experiences from The Netherlands
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Agricultural facts Netherlands agricultural land: 1.9 million ha animal production: 8 billion euro 24,000 dairy farms (grass, maize) 6,000 pigs/chicken farms (no land) Denmark agricultural land: 2.7 million ha animal production: 5 billion euro
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Agricultural facts Netherlands agricultural land: 1.9 million ha animal production: 8 billion euro 24,000 dairy farms (grass, maize) 6,000 pigs/chicken farms (no land) Denmark agricultural land: 2.7 million ha animal production: 5 billion euro Livestock density high very high
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Manure-N (1997) Netherlands: - 258 kg N/ha on average - 288 kg N/ha on dairy farms Denmark: - 90 kg N/ha on average
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Effect of livestock density on N balance (Denmark)
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Effect of livestock density on N balance (EU, le Gall) 7500 kg milk= 170 kg N-manure
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Effect of livestock density on N balance (le Gall) Dutch average
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Effect of livestock density on N balance N surplus/ha (= input – output) manure-N/ha
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Nitrates directive N surplus manure-N/ha170 kg EU nitrates directive 190 kg
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Nitrates directive N surplus manure-N/ha170 kg EU nitrates directive Dutch dairy farms 288 kg 190 kg 355 kg
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Effect of livestock density on N surplus N surplus manure-N/ha Individual farms
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Effect of livestock density on N surplus N surplus manure-N/ha Individual farms On farm level: livestock density is a weak indicator for N surplus
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N-surplus as indicator for environmental effects Quality water N surplus/ha excellent bad
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N-surplus as indicator for environmental effects Quality water N surplus/ha peat, grassland average dry sand, arable bad excellent
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N-surplus as indicator for environmental effects N surplus/ha peat, grassland average light sand, arable desired acceptable Quality water
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N-surplus as indicator for environmental effects N surplus/ha peat, grassland average light sand, arable desired acceptable At farm level N-surplus can be a good indicator for environmental performance Quality water
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Surplus N related to nitrate leaching (light sandy soils) 0 40 80 120 160 0100200300400 Surplus farm (kg N/ha) (mg/l) 200020012002
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Surplus N (1998, kg/ha) Acceptable: 250 ? peat 130 light sand
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Surplus N (1998, kg/ha) Acceptable: 250 ? peat 130 light sand Strong reduction of surpluses is needed
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How to reduce surpluses? limit to livestock density: animal accounting or Limit to surpluses: mineral accounting
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Limit to livestock density N surplus manure-N/ha170 kg Reducing livestock density 190 kg 288 kg
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Limit to livestock density N surplus manure-N/ha170 kg 190 kg
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Limit to livestock density N surplus manure-N/ha170 kg 190 kg Not all farms below acceptable level
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Limit to the surplus of N N surplus manure-N/ha170 kg Improving management 288 kg 190 kg
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Limit to the surplus of N N surplus manure-N/ha170 kg 288 kg 190 kg
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Limit to the surplus of N N surplus manure-N/ha170 kg 288 kg All farms below acceptable level 190 kg
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Mineral accounting, with limited surpluses Advantages: - environmental quality is better guaranteed - more attractive if land is expensive and animal density is high Disadvantages: - High cost to control - Acceptance of EU?
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How to reduce surpluses? Improve N-turnover in farm components: less inputs needed herd manure crop soil feed Milk/meat fertilizer 80% 53% 18% 71%
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1987200? De Marke De Marke An experimental farm on light sandy soil, with an average intensity of milk production and very tight environmental standards
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How to reduce surpluses? herd manure crop soil feed Milk/meat fertilizer 80% 53% 18% 71% 23% 92% 70% 93% Improved N-turnover De Marke
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Results 1993-1998 Mineral fertiliser-N : 70 kg/ha reduction of 70 % Purchased feed: 2,000 kg dm/ha Reduction of 60 % Surplus N: 150 kg/ha
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Results 2004 Mineral fertiliser-N : 0 kg/ha reduction of 100 % Purchased feed: 2,000 kg dm/ha Reduction of 60 % Surplus N: 100 kg/ha
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How to convince farmers? Father G. van den Elsen (founder of Rabo-bank, Campina etc.): “It is impossible to convince farmers only with books and journals. The truth should be pumped into their heads by clear, visible examples”. (Sociologie der Boeren, 1918)
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19992005 Cows & Opportunities Cows & Opportunities commercial intensive dairy farms, demonstrating possibilities to realise low surpluses
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Characteristics of pilot farms
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Environmental performance pilot farms
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IncomeN surplus Measures to reduce surplus Economics
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IncomeN surplus measures Pilot farms Economics
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IncomeN surplus measures Economics 2,500 euro Pilot farms
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Dutch Mineral Accounting System (1998 – 2006) Input concentrates livestock roughage manure artificial fertilizer Output milk, livestock roughage manure Farm gate surplus Farm gate balance
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Dutch Mineral Accounting System (1998 – 2006) Input concentrates livestock roughage manure artificial fertilizer Output milk, livestock roughage manure Farm gate surplus Farm gate balance About 70 kg N below real surplus (including deposition, clover etc.)
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Permitted farm gate surpluses (kg N/ha) 19982005 Grassland*330180 Arable land*175100 * On light sandy soils 40 kg less
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Real N-surplus of very specialized dairy farms (kg/ha) 19982002 clay339209 peat344238 sand375197 average355205 Average annual decrease: 38 kg = 11% (-150)
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Farmgate N-surplus of all dairy farms MINAS Save area
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P 2 O 5 -surplus of very specialized dairy farms (kg/ha) 19982002 clay5233 peat6240 sand6723 average6029 Average annual decrease: 8 kg = 13% (-31)
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The future We love mineral accounting, but European Court of Justice does not
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The future We love mineral accounting, but European Court of Justice does not We will introduce application standards for fertilizers in 2006
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The future We love mineral accounting, but European Court of Justice does not We will introduce application standards for fertilizers in 2006 We expect that costs will increase for farmers , but costs for government will be lower
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The future We love mineral accounting, but European Court of Justice does not We will introduce application standards for fertilizers in 2006 We expect that costs will increase for farmers , but costs for government will be lower We hope that in the future a mineral accounting system can be reintroduced, because nutrient surplus is the better indicator for environmental quality
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Thanks!
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