2. Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) Kenneth W. Hudnut U. S. Geological Survey This presentation will probably involve audience discussion, which will create action items. Use PowerPoint to keep track of these action items during your presentation In Slide Show, click on the right mouse button Select “Meeting Minder” Select the “Action Items” tab Type in action items as they come up Click OK to dismiss this box This will automatically create an Action Item slide at the end of your presentation with your points entered. U.S. – Japan Natural Resources Panel on Earthquake Research U. S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park - November 14, 2000

3. Continuous GPS Best tool ever devised for highly accurate, automated, constant monitoring of crustal strain for –long baselines –absolute ref. frame –displacement field –high precision SCIGN & other PBO elements require sub- millimeter velocities on the plate boundary scale in order to answer the scientific questions

4. Faults & Earthquakes San Andreas fault zone –North American and Pacific plate relative motions of 56 mm/yr in a right-lateral sense Eastern California shear zone –Accomodation of right- lateral motion inboard of Sierra Nevada block –Estimated rates of some 8- 12 mm/yr (geological & space geodetic) –Easier to go through than the Big Bend?

5. SCEC crustal motion map Combined EDM, VLBI, survey-mode and continuous GPS rigorously Released as a SCEC product Set the bar very high for the SCIGN project

6. Plate tectonic motions For the past 5 million years, this motion has been very steady at about 5 cm/yr From long-base laser strainmeter and geodolite data, steady rates of motion are seen Will higher resolution instruments see temporal variation in strain rate? tectonic reconstruction and movie by Tanya Atwater, UCSB

7. The major objectives of the SCIGN array are: * T o provide regional coverage for estimating earthquake potential throughout Southern California  T o identify active blind thrust faults and test models of compressional tectonics in the Los Angeles region  T o measure local variations in strain rate that might reveal the mechanical properties of earthquake faults  I n the event of an earthquake, to measure permanent crustal deformation not detectable by seismographs, as well as the response of major faults to the regional change in strain

8. SCIGN project installation: 250 sites by end of 2000

9. SCIGN station installation Each of 5 legs is drilled to 10 meters Lowermost 6 meters is anchored to earth by concrete grout Uppermost 4 meters is isolated from soil by foam Stainless for longevity movie by John Galetzka, USGS

10. Analysis comparisons by King, Hurst, van Domselaar & Langbein Time series reprocessed by JPL and SIO; similar - –reference frame implementation –processing strategy Mean differences for each of 6100+ baselines Line length proportional differences at <9 ppb

11. Hector Mine (M w 7.1) Photo by Paul ‘Kip’ Otis-Diehl, USMC, 29 Palms Helicopter support by OES and National Guard

12. Hector Mine eq.: modelled displacement field

13. Post-seismic deployment GPS for precise absolute position changes GPS data from these instruments will also show us afterslip and other post- seismic phenomena

14. Short-braced monument Requires bedrock Remote installation is feasible Half as expensive as drilled-braced (but not as stable) Useful for special post- earthquake network deployments

15. Post-seismic deformation Stations near the earthquake fault continue to move after the earthquake –Less than 20 mm motion recorded, so we required extremely high precision data –Too much motion to be explained by aftershocks –Requires a deep source in the lower crust –Large scale relaxation phenomenon –May explain fault interaction between large earthquakes

16. Inboard shear strain transfer (preliminary & speculative) Savage et al. (1993) and Johnson et al. (1994) showed NW-SE pull apart of 8 mm/a in USGS geodolite data prior to 1992 Landers sequence [orange] We see similar pattern after Hector Mine, farther to northeast [red]

17. GPS & telemetry/networking Market for GPS boards is driven by Moore’s law (like PC’s) toward faster/better/cheaper, miniaturization, etc. Spread spectrum radio and satellite telemetry leading to high bandwidth IP field networking (e.g., TDMA) Allows higher sampling rates and more affordable real-time telemetry

18. SCIGN data acquisition and processing system

19. New methods: high-resolution topographic mapping and digital photography Laser scanning using an airborne platform requires high sampling-rate GPS data during flight to control aircraft position and attitude SCIGN stations were operated at 1 and 2 sample per second rates via the radio network

20. Existing GPS Networks in North America International GPS Service (IGS) So. Calif. Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) Bay Area Regional Deformation (BARD) Basin and Range GPS Network (BARGEN) Pacific Northwest GPS Array (PANGA) Eastern Basin and Range & Yellowstone (EBRY) Contin. Operating Reference Stations (CORS) SuomiNet, FSL, INEGI, WCDA, etc.

21. Conclusions Networks of continuously operating GPS stations in the U. S. and Japan give us a higher resolution method to search for temporal variations in strain with renewed hope of learning about earthquake related processes Geodesy is now feasible in a network mode, similar to seismology – it is time to incorporate both, side by side, into modern earthquake monitoring networks – extending our reach to truly broad-band observational capabilities so that we can detect and study a wider range of seismic and aseismic phenomena