1. Visual Display of Dynamic Information Chapter 5

2. Visual Display of Dynamic Information Uses of Dynamic Information   Quantitative Visual Displays   Qualitative Visual Displays  Qualitative Visual Displays   Signal & Warning Lights  Signal & Warning Lights   Representational Displays  Representational Displays   Head-up Display Discussion Head-up Display Discussion Discussion

3. Uses of Dynamic Information Quantitative Readings Qualitative Readings –Trend, Rate of change Check Readings –“Normal” or not Situation Awareness –Perceive and Attach meaning, Project into the near future –(e.g.) Air traffic controller

4. Uses of Dynamic Information Design or Select a Display –Critical: All the information needs of the user be fully understood –(e.g.) 汽車引擎溫度 : check vs. qualitative –(e.g.) 鐘錶之秒針 - End -

5. Quantitative Visual Displays Basic Design of Quantitative Displays Fixed scale / Moving pointer (analog) Fixed scale / Moving pointer (analog) Moving scale / Fixed pointer (analog) Moving scale / Fixed pointer (analog) Digital display Fig 5-1 Digital display Fig 5-1 Fig 5-1 Fig 5-1 –Comparison of Different Designs Digital: Precise numeric value Remain visible long enough Remain visible long enough Analog: Frequent or continual change of value Direction or rate of change (qualitative) Direction or rate of change (qualitative)

6. Quantitative Visual Displays Basic Design of Quantitative Displays –Guideline for selection of analog displays Moving pointer (circular) preferred, in general Natural interpretation (up, down, …): Straight-line Do not mix types of pointer-scale indicators Manual control: moving pointer (vs. scale) Slight changes in quantity are important: moving pointer Too great the range of value: (open-window) moving scales

7. Quantitative Visual Displays Basic Features of Quantitative Displays –Scale range Fig 5-2 Fig 5-2 Fig 5-2 –Numbered interval –Graduation interval –Scale unit

8. Quantitative Visual Displays Specific Features of Conventional Quantitative Displays –Numeric Progressions of Scales Fig 5-3 Fig 5-3 Fig 5-3 –Length of Scale Unit Fig 5-4 Fig 5-4 Fig 5-4 –Design of Scale Markers –Scale Markers and Interpolation –Design of Pointers: tip, meet (but not overlap) scale markers, color of pointers, close to the surface –Combining Scale Features Fig 5-5 5-6 Fig 5-55-6 Fig 5-55-6 –Scale Size and Viewing Distance

9. Quantitative Visual Displays Specific Features of Electronic Quantitative Displays Fig 5-1 Fig 5-1 Fig 5-1 –Only one of the segment shown –Complete bar: speed

10. Quantitative Visual Displays Design of Altimeters –Vertical vs. Circular scales –Integrated vs. Separated –Analog vs. Digital Fig 5-7 Fig 5-7 Fig 5-7

11. Quantitative Visual Displays Object Displays (Configural Displays) –Integrate information about several variables –Compatibility of Proximity Principle Integrate (mental proximity): Close display proximity (e.g.) closeness in space, common color (e.g.) closeness in space, common color –Emergent Features (Pomerantz, 1981) Combine dimensions → Perceptual object –Object displays vs. Bar graph display Fig 5-8 5-9 Fig 5-85-9 Fig 5-85-9 Integrate: Object display Check indivisual: Bar graph display (end)

12. Qualitative Visual Displays Quantitative Basis for Qualitative Display –A limited number of predetermined ranges ( 例 ) 溫度：冷、正常、熱 ( 例 ) 溫度：冷、正常、熱 –Maintaining some desirable range ( 例 ) 車速 ( 例 ) 車速 –Observing trend, rate of change ( 例 ) 飛機：高度變化速度 ( 例 ) 飛機：高度變化速度 –Qualitative vs. Quantitative readings Tab 5-1 Tab 5-1 Tab 5-1 Open-window (digital) vs. Circular vs. Vertical

13. Qualitative Visual Displays Design of Qualitative Scales –Color Coding Fig 5-10 Fig 5-10 Fig 5-10 –Shape Coding Fig 5-11 Fig 5-11 Fig 5-11 Check Reading –Normal position: 9 o’clock (or 12 o’clock) positions –Extended lines between the dials Fig 5-12 Fig 5-12 Fig 5-12 Status Indicators –Reflect separate, discrete conditions: On /Off, R /Y /G –Lights: (e.g.) Traffic light (color & vertical position) (end)

14. Signal & Warning Lights Detectability –Size, Luminance, & Exposure time Fig 5-13 Fig 5-13 Fig 5-13 Exposure time: summation effect –Color of Lights: depend on Absolute level of brightness of signal Relative brightness contrast: Signal/ Background –Flash Rate of Lights: << flicker-fusion frequency (30Hz.)

15. Signal & Warning Lights Detectability –Context of Signal Lights Stationary → moving (misperceived) Tab 5-2 Tab 5-2 Tab 5-2 Discriminate signal lights with other lights Signal Light Background Light Comment FlashingSteadyBest SteadySteadyOK SteadyFlashingOK FlashingFlashingWorst

16. Signal & Warning Lights Recommendations (p.151-152) –When : Actual or potential dangerous condition –How many: One (If several: Master warning light + word panel) –Steady or Flashing Continuous condition: Steady Continuous but hazardous: Flashing Occasional emergencies or new conditions: Flashing

17. Signal & Warning Lights Recommendations (p.151-152) –Flash rate 3 to 10 Hz (4 best) with equal intervals of light & dark Different rates: < 3 –Warning-light intensity: at least twice as bright as bk. –Location: within 30º –Color : Red –Size : at least 1º visual angle (end) (end)

18. Representational Displays 目的： Situational Awareness 目的： Situational Awareness Bank Angle (aircraft) Fig 5-14 Fig 5-14 Fig 5-14 –Moving aircraft Outside-in, Bird’s eye, Ground-based Display 不符 pilot 所見 –Moving horizon Inside-out, Pilot’s eye Display 不符 moving compatibility –Combine Both (Fogel, 1959) Rapid: moving aircraft; Slow: moving horizon

19. Representational Displays 3-D Perspective Display –Plan-view (2-D) vs. Perspective Display Fig 5-15 Fig 5-15 Fig 5-15 RT : 3D<2D (except head-on) 3D: altitude maneuver (34%) & level turns (33%) 3D: altitude maneuver (34%) & level turns (33%) 2D: level turns (60%) 2D: level turns (60%) –True 3-D Display

20. Representational Displays Principles of Aircraft-Position Displays –Principle of pictorial realism Spatial analog of the real world –Principle of integration Fig 5-7 5-9 Fig 5-75-9 Fig 5-75-9 –Principle of compatible motion –Principle of pursuit presentation Fig 10-12 Fig 10-12 Fig 10-12 (vs. compensatory display) (vs. compensatory display)(end)

21. Head-up Displays

22. Discussion General Guide to Visual Display Selection –Heglin (1973) Tab 5-3 Tab 5-3 Tab 5-3View –Object Display –Representational Display –Enhance Situational Awareness