Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
The Internet in Developing Nations: A Grand Challenge Larry Press Professor, IS CSU Dominguez Hills
2
A grand challenge: connecting the world’s rural villages Larry Press Professor, IS CSU Dominguez Hills http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/
3
Measuring and Reducing the Digital Divide: a Grand Challenge Larry Press Professor, IS California State University, Dominguez Hills lpress@csudh.edu
4
Background
5
We have done Training Pilot studies ICT readiness assessments Conferences and workshops
6
Outline Background Village applications and business models Backbone architecture and feasibility Project policies (lessons learned from NSFNet) Conclusion – G8
7
Outline A decade of activity Where are we? A grand challenge: connect all villages The NSFNet strategy Cabled and wireless technologies Why Bangladesh?
8
Outline A decade of activity The NSF approach Architecture and feasibility Village models and applications Action plan – WSIS
9
Outline A decade of measurement activity Time for action – a grand challenge: Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every village in every low and lower-middle income nation. 3 billion people 3 million villages
10
A Grand Challenge Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every village in every low and lower-middle income nation. 3 billion people 3 million villages
11
Grand challenges I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth. John F. Kennedy, 1961 That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. Neil Armstrong, 1969
12
Grand Challenges I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth. John F. Kennedy, 1961 That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. Neil Armstrong, 1969
13
A Grand Challenge Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every village in every low and lower-middle income nation. 3 billion people 3 million villages
14
A Grand Challenge Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every village in every low and lower-middle income nation. 3 billion people 3 million villages
15
A grand challenge Connecting the approximately 3 billion people residing in 3 million villages of the developing nations within ten years.
16
A grand challenge Connecting the approximately three billion people residing in three million rural villages of the developing nations within ten years.
17
A grand challenge Connecting the approximately three billion people residing in three million rural villages of the developing nations within ten years.
18
A grand challenge Build IP backbones providing high- speed connectivity to and a point of presence in every rural village in every developing nation within ten years. (There are roughly 3 million villages and 3 billion people in low and lower income nations).
19
Possible ICT Grand Challenges Provide high-speed IP connectivity to all villages Provide access to all engineering and scientific literature and data sets at all universities
20
A proposal The G8 just pledged to increase African aid by $25 billion per year. A portion of that increase should be used for a high-speed Internet backbone to and a point of presence in every African village. There are 3 billion people in 3 million villages in developing nations
21
1990s hypothesis Computer networks can improve the quality of life in developing nations at a relatively low cost Marginal impact increased by a lack of alternative ICT and transportation Raising the quality of rural life will reduce pressure for urban migration
22
1990s Hypothesis Computer networks could improve life in developing nations at a relatively low cost Marginal impact could be relatively great due to a lack of alternative ICT Raising the quality of rural life will reduce migration pressure
23
This motivated 15 years work ICT measurement and readiness studies Pilot applications and business models Training Conferences and workshops
24
Background
25
Over a decade of activity
26
We have done Training Pilot studies ICT readiness assessments Conferences and workshops
27
Over a decade of activity Early hypothesis Experience with applications supporting those hypothesis
28
E-readiness assessments 10 statistical/questionnaire methodologies 8 case study methodologies 137 nations have been assessed at least once 55 nations have been assessed at least 5 times 10 nations have been assessed at least 10 times
29
DOI vs. average of other indices
30
Successful Applications Education Health care E-commerce Democracy and human rights E-government News and entertainment
31
Where are we? Many applications have been demonstrated. The Internet is on the “radar screen” But the digital divide persists Capital is not available
32
Early successes, still operating Education Health care E-commerce Democracy and Human Rights E-government Entertainment
33
IP Connectivity, 2003 IncomePopulationSubscribersPer 100 Low2,4135,424.22 Lower middle 2,39369,7622.92 Upper middle 33112,1503.68 High961216,06922.48 World6,097303,4054.98
34
Internet subscribers, 2003 IncomePopulationSubscribersPer 100 Low2,4135,424.22 Lower middle 2,39369,7622.92 Upper middle 33112,1503.68 High961216,06922.48 World6,097303,4054.98
35
Cannot attract private capital Cost of 20 hours access as percent of average monthly GNI per capita Low income nations246.4 Lower middle income24.9 Upper middle income8.6 High income1.6
36
On the “radar screen” Every government is aware of the strategic importance of the Internet (risks too)
37
On the “radar screen” Every government is aware of the strategic importance of the Internet (risks too)
38
Mosaic dimensions
39
After 10-15 years work We have evidence that the hypothesis is true The digital divide persists Capital is not available The Internet is on the “radar screen” – all governments recognize the communication-development link
40
On the “radar screen” Every government is aware of the strategic importance (and risks) of the Internet Multilateral institutions – G8, World Bank, ITU, UNDP, etc are also well aware of the role of communication in development Time for action
41
We have done ICT readiness assessments Pilot studies Training Conferences and workshops
42
E-readiness assessments 10 statistical/questionnaire methodologies 8 case study methodologies 137 nations have been assessed at least once 55 nations have been assessed at least 5 times 10 nations have been assessed at least 10 times
43
“State of” Annuals
44
How to proceed? The NSF approach Architecture and feasibility Village models and applications Action plan – WSIS
45
After 10-15 years work We have evidence that the hypothesis is true The digital divide persists Capital is not available The Internet is on the “radar screen” – all governments recognize the communication-development link
46
Connectivity, 1991
47
Internet diffusion, 9/1991
48
Internet diffusion, 6/1997
49
Generic Digital Divide
50
The “digital divide” persists
51
We have done ICT readiness assessments Pilot studies Training Conferences and workshops
52
Where are we? Many applications have been demonstrated. The Internet is on the “radar screen” But the digital divide persists Capital is not available
53
Where are we? The digital divide persists Capital is not available Many applications have been demonstrated The Internet is on the “radar screen”
54
An unconnected nation No national backbone network No residential connectivity No commercial application Character-oriented email and news primary applications Connectivity only in a few universities The US in 1989
55
On the “radar screen” Every government is aware of the strategic importance (and risks) of the Internet Multilateral institutions – G8, World Bank, ITU, UNDP, etc are also well aware of the role of communication in development Time for action
56
On the “radar screen” Every government is aware of the strategic importance of the Internet (risks too)
57
On the “radar screen” Every government is aware of the strategic importance (and risks) of the Internet Multilateral institutions – G8, World Bank, ITU, UNDP, etc are also
58
On the G8 “radar screen” Established Digital Opportunity Task Force at the 2000 Summit Japan pledged $15 billion
59
On the “radar screen:” WSIS Connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points by 2015 Nine other targets related to ICT
60
On the “radar screen:” UN Millennium Development Goal In cooperation with the private sector make available the benefits of new technologies, specifically information and communications.
61
Successful Applications Education Health care E-commerce Democracy and human rights E-government News and entertainment
62
Village models and applications
63
Three successful approaches in the village Corporate owner, single application “Franchise” centers State owned
64
Many successful pilots
65
Sustainable approaches to village Internet centers Corporate owner, single application “Franchise” centers State owned
66
N-Logue rural Kiosk Remote medicine Remote veterinary Remote agricultural advice E-government E-mail digital photography desktop publishing Telephony Break even at $75/mo.
67
YCC mobile unit
68
Cuban Youth Computer Clubs 350 YCCs Geographically dispersed Education Games Email News
69
YCC mobile unit
70
E-choupal home page
71
E-choupal services Login Weather Crop best practices Market related information Agricultural queries Suggestion box Farmer profile Government schemes News
72
E-Chaupal ITC, an Indian conglomerate (agribusiness, infotech, hotels, etc.) Remote centers at agricultural hub locations Savings in logistics and middlemen Payback time 8 months to 2 years Using VSAT and a single application
73
Early successes, still operating Education Health care E-commerce Democracy and Human Rights E-government Entertainment
74
Education Youth Computer Clubs, Cuba http://www.jovenclub.cu/ Enlaces Network, Chile http://www.redenlaces.cl/
75
Health care Healthnet Satellife http://www.healthnet.org Healthnet in Nepal http://www.healthnet.org.np/
76
E-commerce Soviet Union: Relcom (96/391 commercial accounts, 9/91) www.relcom.ru Information Village research project http://www.mssrf.org/ Software export from developing nations
77
E-government
78
Democracy and Human Rights From Relcom during the 1991 Soviet Coup attempt: “They try to close all mass media. They stopped CNN an hour ago, and Soviet TV transmits opera and old movies.” “Yes, we already prepared to shift to underground; you know -- reserve nodes, backup channel, hidden locations. They'll have a hard time catching us!”
79
Entertainment and connection to the outside world
80
Many quips: quick-impact projects International Development Research Centre http://www.idrc.ca/ Information for Development Program, Infodev http://www.infodev.org/ Development Gateway http://www.developmentgateway.org/ Sustainable Development Networking Program http://www.sdnp.undp.org/
81
NSFNet approach and strategy
82
Project policies – lessons learned from NSFNet
83
An unconnected nation No national backbone network No residential connectivity No commercial application Character-oriented email and news primary applications Connectivity only in a few universities The US in 1989
84
The NSFNet Approach Developing nations challenge: Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every village in every low and lower-middle income nation. NSFNet challenge: Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every university in the United States.
85
The NSFNet Approach NSFNet challenge: Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every university in the United States. Developing nations challenge: Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every village in every low and lower-middle income nation.
86
The NSFNet Strategy Build backbone Fund connectivity (POP, router and link) Connect US higher education networks International research and education networks Users in control
87
The NSFNet Approach NSFNet challenge: Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every university in the United States. Developing nations challenge: Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every village in every low and lower-middle income nation.
88
The NSFNet Strategy Highly leveraged – ARPA and NSF $125 million Expert designers on temporary assignment Users in control – IP protocol implies decentralized funding and innovation
89
The NSFNet Strategy Highly leveraged – ARPA and NSF $125 million Users in control – IP protocol implies design Expert designers on temporary assignment
90
NSFNet – seeding the Internet Build backbone connecting key sites Fund connectivity and POP (router and a link) Connect US higher education networks International research and education networks First IP backbone – seeded the Internet
91
NSFNet T1 Backbone, 1991
92
The NSFNet Approach NSFNet challenge: Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every university in the United States. Developing nations challenge: Provide a high-speed Internet link and a point of presence in every village in every low and lower-middle income nation.
93
NSFNet – seeding the Internet Build backbone connecting key sites Fund connectivity and POP (router and a link) Connect US higher education networks International research and education networks First IP backbone – seeded the Internet
94
The NSFNet Strategy Highly leveraged – ARPA and NSFnet $125 million total cost Users in control – IP protocol implies decentralized funding and innovation R&D project – expert designers on temporary assignment, not government staff
95
Highly leveraged: Government funding ($million) ProjectCost Morse telegraph.03 ARPANet25 CSNet5 NSFNet backbone57.9 NSF higher ed connections30 NSF international connections6
96
User control Universities designed their LANs Universities funded their LANs Universities trained their users Users invented applications – innovation at the edges of the network A “dumb,” end-to-end network – IP is a design philosophy as well as a protocol.
97
NSFNet with regional links
98
NSFNet Build backbone Fund connectivity and POP (router and a link) Connect US higher education networks International research and education networks
99
Highly leveraged: Government funding ($million) ProjectCost Morse telegraph.03 ARPANet25 CSNet5 NSFNet backbone57.9 NSF higher ed connections30 NSF international connections6
100
User control Universities designed their LANs Universities funded their LANs Universities trained their users Users invented applications – innovation at the edges of the network A “dumb,” end-to-end network – IP is a design philosophy as well as a protocol.
101
Areas of expertise for GRNet Geographic Information Systems Local Geography Terrestrial wireless design and practice Fiber optic design and installation Network operation center design Network modeling and optimization Satellite research and practice High altitude platform research and practice Village POP configuration design Training for POP operation Design of solar and other power systems Spectrum politics and policy Mechanical design for radio towers Village telecommunication centers and applications
102
Expert designers on temporary assignment UCLA MIT SRI BBN NSF Michigan Etc.
103
NSFNet Build backbone Fund connectivity and POP (router and a link) Connect US higher education networks International research and education networks
104
NSFNet Build backbone Fund connectivity and POP (router and a link) Connect US higher education networks International research and education networks
105
Technologies Cabled Wireless today Wireless to consider
106
Backbone architecture and feasibility
107
Architecture and feasibility
108
Fiber Backbone, Mesh, POPs
109
Fiber where possible – follow the roads
110
Use cable links where possible
111
Use fiber wherever possible
112
Wireless technology Today VSAT Various terrestrial technologies Soon WiMAX Worth investigating High altitude platforms LEO constellations GIS-based radiation modeling
113
VSAT
114
High-Altitude Platform
115
Sanswire HAP
116
245 x 145 x 87 feet Proprietary lifting gas technology Outer envelope covered in film solar panels Solar powered electric motors Held in position using 6 onboard GPS units Desired altitude: 65,000 feet Line-of-sight to a 300,000 square mile area Controlled by earth stations on the ground Flight time: 18 months
117
Sanswire progress May 2005: floating tests July 2005: joint venture to deploy five platforms in Colombia
118
FiberAfrica 70,000 Km fiber core 30,000 Km fiber spurs Wireless to fiber Reach 400 million Walking/bicycling distance 1 billion dollars Daunting, but with precedents
119
Cost context, $billion Manhattan project: 1.889 US Interstate Highway system: 128.9 Apollo program: 25.4 GPS: 8.3 through 1995, 21.8 to complete Baseball stadium:.581 B2 bomber: 2.2 US pet food: 10 per year G8 African pledge: 25 per year (new)
120
Wireless technology Today VSAT Proprietary terrestrial technologies Soon WiMAX – may unify terrestrial wireless Worth watching High altitude platforms Constellations of LEO satellites
121
LEO constellation
122
Cost context, $billion Manhattan project: 1.889 US Interstate Highway system: 128.9 Apollo program: 25.4 GPS: 8.3 through 1995, 21.8 to complete Baseball stadium:.581 B2 bomber: 2.2 US pet food: 10 per year G8 African pledge: 25 per year (new funds)
123
WiMAX may unify wide-area terrestrial wireless License free market innovation Mass production (carrier and user) ? Global regulatory conformity ? “Competition” from next generation Wi-Fi ? “Competition” from 3 rd generation cellular ? “Competition” from new license-free bands
124
WiMAX issues License free market innovation Mass production (carrier and user) Global regulatory conformity “Competition” from 802.11 “Competition” from 3 rd generation cellular “Competition” from new license-free bands
125
Sanswire HAP
126
245 x 145 x 87 feet Proprietary lifting gas technology Outer envelope covered in film solar panels Solar powered electric motors Held in position using 6 onboard GPS units Desired altitude: 65,000 feet Line-of-sight to a 300,000 square mile area Controlled by earth stations on the ground Flight time: 18 months
127
Sanswire progress May 2005: floating tests July 2005: joint venture to deploy five platforms in Colombia
128
Radiation modeling with GIS
129
Wireless supplements VSAT Terrestrial wireless Worth investigating LEO constellations High altitude platforms GIS-based radiation modeling
130
WiMAX – 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Three architectures Point to point Point to multipoint P to P or P to MP plus mesh
131
WIMAX Promises Non line of site Up to 50 kilometers Up to 70 mbps 802.20 mobile applications Unique MAC, modulation, etc?
132
WiMAX issues License free market innovation Mass production (carrier and user) Global regulatory conformity “Competition” from 802.11 “Competition” from 3 rd generation cellular “Competition” from new license-free bands
133
WiMAX may unify wide-area terrestrial wireless License free market innovation Mass production (carrier and user) ? Global regulatory conformity ? “Competition” from next generation Wi-Fi ? “Competition” from 3 rd generation cellular ? “Competition” from new license-free bands
134
WiFi and WiMAX are version 1 Moore’s Law Smart radios and antennae FCC has noticed WiFi success NPRM, license-free 3,650-3,700 MHz 25 Watt EIRP NOI, license-free “White space” TV channels Lower frequency FCC Wireless Broadband Access Task Force
135
WiMAX Market Development BWCS Limited
136
Wireless technologies to investigate LEO constellations High-altitude platforms Radiation modeling with GIS
137
Why Bangladesh? Need is great Some positive points
138
Great need Pent up demand: cable landing, poor telephone infrastructure (300k users) Poor people – great marginal impact
139
Positive points Densely populated – reach with fiber Railroad right of way Power Grid Company Positive experience with micro-credit Government will
140
2002 Population Density/km 2 Bangladesh925 India329 Sri Lanka289 Pakistan182 Nepal164 China134 Myanmar72 Bhutan15
141
Grameen Bank Microcredit
142
Grameen Phone, since 1993 45 million people in 30,000 villages $300 million with $44m after tax profit $2 daily profit is over twice BD average
143
WEF Global Competitiveness, 2003-4 Network readiness index 92/102 National savings rate 34/102 Access to credit 46/102 Inflation 37/102 Local equity market access 35/95 Intensity of local competition 52/95 Government prioritization of ICT 43/102
144
Workshop goal Bangladesh backbone POP in every “village” “High speed” Use the NSF approach Detailed, funded proposal by WSIS
145
Pondicherry Information Links
146
E-readiness assessments 10 statistical/questionnaire methodologies 8 case study methodologies 137 nations have been assessed at least once 55 nations have been assessed at least 5 times 10 nations have been assessed at least 10 times
147
Sanswire HAP 245 x 145 x 87 feet Proprietary lifting gas technology Outer envelope covered in film solar panels Solar powered electric motors Held in position using 6 onboard GPS units Desired altitude: 65,000 feet Line-of-sight to a 300,000 square mile area Controlled by earth stations on the ground Flight time: 18 months
148
Cost context, $billion Manhattan project: 1.889 US Interstate Highway system: 128.9 Apollo program: 25.4 GPS: 8.3 through 1995, 21.8 to complete Baseball stadium:.581 B2 bomber: 2.2 US pet food: 10 per year
149
Steps Begin with a pilot nation Design and implement the network using a team of experts Apply lessons learned to other nations
150
Which pilot nation? Strong government support of telecommunication Open, competitive telecommunication market Open, competitive business practices and laws High level of poverty High level of literacy Dense population High-speed international fiber links Strong university programs in EE, CS, and GIS Varied climate and topography
151
Bangladesh? + Densely populated – reach with fiber + Very poor + Undersea cable coming + Extreme climate + Positive experience with micro-credit - Government will not clear - Low literacy rate - Weak universities
152
WiMAX issues License free market innovation Mass production (carrier and user) Global regulatory conformity “Competition” from 802.11 “Competition” from 3 rd generation cellular “Competition” from new license-free bands
153
Why Bangladesh? Need is great Some positive points
154
Great need Pent up demand: cable landing, poor telephone infrastructure (300k users) Poor people – great marginal impact
155
The NSFNet Strategy Build backbone Fund connectivity and POP (router and a link) Connect US higher education networks International research and education networks Highly leveraged -- $125 million Users in control Use expert designers
156
Which pilot nation? Strong government support of telecommunication Open, competitive telecommunication market Open, competitive business practices and laws High level of poverty High level of literacy Dense population High-speed international fiber links Strong university programs in EE, CS, and GIS Varied climate and topography
157
Steps Begin with a pilot nation Design and implement the network using a team of experts
158
WiMAX issues License free market innovation Mass production (carrier and user) Global regulatory conformity “Competition” from 802.11 “Competition” from 3 rd generation cellular “Competition” from new license-free bands
159
Conclusion
160
Okinawa G8 summit, July 2000 Focused on information and communication technology Billions of dollars were pledged (Japan alone promised $15 billion) Digital Opportunity Task Force was formed "to identify ways in which the digital revolution can benefit all the world's people, especially the poorest and most marginalized groups."
161
A few reports and no action
162
We have many of the needed skills -- what is the role/responsibility of AIS in developing nations?
163
Action plan Network design for a pilot nation Deploy in the network in a pilot Planning for implementation in other nations. Implementation in those nations.
164
Let us continue the conversation lpress@csudh.edu http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.