1. Electricity is a language of the nervous system Nestler Figure 3-1B the

2. Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) 1791 “Animal Electricity”

3. Galvani (1791) “Animal Electricity”

4. Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

5. Galvanometer Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Technological Advances stemming out of the Galvani-Volta controversy Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) Voltaic cell - battery

6. J.A. Flemming 1849-1945 Thermionic Valve (vacuum tube) 1904 Karl Ferdnand Braun 1850-1918 Gabriel Lippmann 1845-1921 Capillary electrometer 1872 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 1897 Oscilloscope Television

7. Edgar Adrian (1889-1977) “The most glorious clutter ever seen”

8. “ The explanation suddenly dawned on me... a muscle hanging under its own weight ought, if you come to think of it, to be sending sensory impulses up the nerves coming from the muscle spindles... That particular day’s work, I think, had all the elements that one could wish for. The new apparatus seemed to be misbehaving very badly indeed, and I suddenly found it was behaving so well that it was opening up an entire new range of data... it didn’t involve any particular hard work, or any particular intelligence on my part. It was just one of those things which sometimes happens in a laboratory if you stick apparatus together and see what results you get.” E. Adrian, 1926 Single Fiber Recordings:

9. Population coding at the 1961 Rose Ball

11. Action Potentials time voltage

13. 16 site silicon probe G. Buzsaki, Neuron, Vol 33, 325-340, 2002