1. 1840 - 1860 A Clustering of Innovation

2. Let the Clustering Begin! 1841Calotype (Talbot) 1842Cyanotype (Herschel) 1840’sAlbumen (Talbot, Niepce, Blanquart- Evard) 1851Collodion (Archer) 1850’sAmbrotype (Archer, Fry) 1853Tintype (Martin) 1856Oxymel (Llewelyn)

3. 1841 - Calotype Process Positive/Negative process introduced by Fox Talbot Paper brushed with weak salt and silver nitrate solution Competed with the Daguerreotype

4. Calotype vs. Daguerreotype Advantages – could make an unlimited number of prints – retouching could be done on negative or print – prints on paper were easier to examine, less delicate – had warmer tones Disadvantages – arrested by patent restrictions – materials less sensitive to light, longer exposure time – imperfections of paper reduced quality – process had two stages positive/negative, took longer – prints tended to fade with time

5. 1842 - Cyanotype Introduced by Sir John Herschel Used iron salts instead of silver compounds Highly stable Brilliant blue images Most popular around the turn of the century Used for architectural blueprints

6. Late 1840’s - Albumen Introduced by Abel Niepce Search to combine best of Daguerreotype and Calotype Albumen (the white of an egg) used as a binder on glass Fine detail, improved quality, but slow process time Blanquart-Evrard took albumen and used it on paper Process kept chemical “on the paper”, not in it which produced finer detail and glossy Some critics of the glossy image

7. 1851 - Collodion Introduced by Frederick Scott Archer Used gun cotton as a binding agent Used glass plates, very sharp images, better quality than Daguerreotype and Calotype Difficult process and somewhat dangerous Never patented, allowed further innovations to spawn from it

8. 1850’s - Ambrotype Introduced by Fred Scott Archer and Peter Fry Inexpensive No lateral reversal Could be viewed from any angle

9. 1853 - Tintype Introduced by Adolphe Alexandre Martin Used enamelled tinplate instead of glass One step process, no negative Inexpensive Robust

10. 1856 - Oxymel Introduced by J. D. Llewelyn One of the first “Dry” processes to be used Illustrated Evening News hailed it as a considerable advance Negatives prepared in advance and later developed at leisure