1. 4. Imagic Icons wBy Place of Articulation

2. 4. Imagic Icons w(1) bilabial 雙唇音 : the two lips are brought together to create the obstruction. wBilabial consonants in Cantonese and Mandarin: w[p] as in 巴、把、悲、比 (C); 巴、把、悲、比 (M) w[p h ] as in 拋、跑、鋪、普 (C); 拋、跑、鋪、普 (M) w[m] as in 麻、馬、苗、秒 (C); 麻、馬、苗、秒 (M) w[w] as in 蛙、華、威、毀 (C).

3. 4. Imagic Icons w(2) labio-dental 唇齒音 : the obstruction of the air-stream is caused by the lower lip and the upper front teeth. wLabio-dental consonants in Cantonese and Mandarin: w[f] as in 科、火、灰、賄 (C); 飛、肥、沸、發 (M).

4. 4. Imagic Icons w(3) dental-alveolar 舌尖音 : the tip (or blade) of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth or the upper teeth-ridge to create the obstruction. wDental-alveolar consonants in Cantonese and Mandarin

5. 4. Imagic Icons wAlveolars ( 舌尖音 ) w[t] as in 多、躲、低、抵 (C); 多、躲、低、抵 (M) w[t h ] as in 拖、妥、梯、體 (C); 拖、妥、梯、體 (M) w[n] as in 呢、你、奴、怒 (C); 呢、你、奴、怒 (M) w[l] as in 黎、禮、牢、老 (C); 黎、禮、牢、老 (M) wDental Sibilants ( 舌尖前音 ) w[ts] as in 茲、子、嗟、姐 (C); 茲、子、災、早 (M) w[ts h ] as in 雌、此、妻、齊 (C); 雌、此、粗、才 (M) w[s] as in 思、死、宵、小 (C); 思、死、四、酸 (M) w(4) Retroflex 卷舌音 : The obstruction of the air-stream is caused by the underside of the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge. wRetroflex in Mandarin w as in 中、張、照、知 (M) __ ‘ zh ’ in Pinyin w as in 車、春、穿、陳 (M) __ ‘ ch ’ in Pinyin w as in 詩、史、燒、少 (M) __ ‘ sh ’ in Pinyin

6. 4. Imagic Icons w(5) Palatals 舌面音 : The blade of the tongue is placed against the front part of the palate, and simultaneously the free front part of the tongue is raised towards the alveolar ridge. wPalatals in Mandarin: w as in 機、軍、肩、街 (M) __ ‘j’ in Pinyin w as in 群、妻、千、牆 (M) __ ‘q’ in Pinyin w as in 斜、徐、心、鞋 (M) __ ‘x’ in Pinyin w(6) Velars 舌根音 ( 舌面後音 ): The back of the tongue is raised so that it touches the soft palate (velum) to obstruct the air ‑ stream.

7. 4. Imagic Icons wVelars in Cantonese and Mandarin: w[k] as in 基、紀、驕、矯 (C); 給、高、根、哥 (M) w[k h ] as in 溪、啟、求、舅 (C); 科、楷、靠、狂 (M) w[x] as in 黑、好、海、厚 (M) w as in 牙、瓦、我、餓 ; 紅、張、明、朋 (C); 紅、張、明、 朋 (M) w(7) Labiovelars 唇化舌根音 : The velar sounds are articulated simultaneously with the bilabial sound [w]. wLabialized velars in Cantonese: w[kw] as in 瓜、寡、鍋、果 (C). w[kw h ] as in 夸、跨、規、愧 (C). w(8) Glottals (Laryngeals) 喉音 : The obstruction of the air-stream is caused by the vocal cords. wGlottal in Cantonese: w[h] as in 希、喜、虛、許 (C)

8. 4. Imagic Icons wConsonants in Mandarin

9. 4. Imagic Icons wConsonants in Cantonese

10. 4. Imagic Icons wTones in Mandarin wWhen pitch ( 音調, 音高 ) patterns are used to distinguish meaning, they are called tones wPitch is determined by the rate of vibration of the vocal folds -- the frequency. wFour tones in Mandarin: (notation of tones: tone letters)

11. 4. Imagic Icons wTones in Cantonese wNine tone categories wCategory 1 ( 陰平 ): 55 私 [si 55 ] 、夫 [fu 55 ] wCategory 2 ( 陰上 ): 35 史 [si 35 ] 、苦 [fu 35 ] wCategory 3 ( 陰去 ): 33 試 [si 33 ] 、富 [fu 33 ] wCategory 4 ( 陽平 ): 21/11 時 [si 21 ] 、扶 [fu 21 ] wCategory 5 ( 陽上 ): 23/13 市 [si 23 ] 、婦 [fu 23 ] wCategory 6 ( 陽去 ): 22 是 [si 22 ] 、父 [fu 22 ] wCategory 7 [1] ( 上陰入 / 高入 ): 55 必 [pit 55 ] 、口 + 的 [tit 55 ] wCategory 8 [3] ( 下陰入 / 中入 ): 33 鱉 [pit 33 ] 、跌 [tit 33 ] wCategory 9 [6] ( 陽入 / 低入 ): 22 滅 [mit 22 ] 、迭 [tit 22 ] wSix pitch patterns: w(1) high level: 55; (3) mid-level: 33; (6) low level: 22 w(2) high rising: 35; (5) low rising: 23; (4) low falling: 21 w(Visit Virtual Tutorial 香港話 > 香港話的音節結構 > 聲調 )

12. 4. Imagic Icons wSyllabic Structure of Chinese wA syllable is a unit of pronunciation / Four positions in a Mandarin syllable w(1) Initial ( 聲母 ): the consonantal onset to the syllable. w(2) Medial ( 韻頭、介音 ): the glide (semi-vowel) after the initial. w(3) Nucleus (Main vowel) ( 韻腹、主要元音 ): the peak of the syllable. w(4) Ending (coda) ( 韻尾 ): the last sound (after the nucleus) of a syllable. w(2)+(3)+(4)= Final ( 韻母 ): The final is the syllable minus the initial and the tone. initial final medialnucleusending 1 2 3 4

13. 4. Imagic Icons

14. wMandarin Initials w 《聲母詩》 (in Pinyin) w 春日起每早， chrqmz w 采桑惊啼鳥； csjtn w 風過扑鼻香， fgpbx w 花開落， hkl w 知多少。 zhdsh w : The only Mandarin consonant that cannot occur at the initial position. wCantonese Initials: (in IPA) wp 巴布白 p h 普跑平 m 麻美物 f 飛夫發 wt 多帝獨 t h 拖體踢 n 泥女男 l 來魯歷 wts 茲政接 ts h 此吵床 s 詩消蝕 j 醫夜人 wk 改公革 k h 溪求括 外岳瓦 h 希好去 wk w 鬼過國 k hw 豁葵框 w 護毀壞 0 哀歐丫

15. 4. Imagic Icons wCantonese Initials (in IPA) wp p h m f w 巴 [pa 55 ] 趴 [p h a 55 ] 媽 [ma 55 ] 花 [fa 55 ] wtth nlwtth nlwtth nlwtth nl w 打 [ta 35 ] 他 [t h a 55 ] 拿 [na 21 ] 喇 [la 23 ] wtsts h sj w 渣 [tsa 55 ] 叉 [ts h a 55 ] 沙 [sa 55 ] 也 [ja 13 ] wkk h  h w 家 [ka 55 ] 卡 [k h a 55 ] 牙 [  a 21 ] 哈 [ha 55 ] wk w k hw w w 瓜 [k w a 55 ] 夸 [k wh a 55 ] 娃 [wa 55 ] w0w0w0w0 w 阿 [a 33 ]

16. 4. Imagic Icons wFinals in Cantonese (in IPA)

17. 4. Imagic Icons wFinals in Cantonese (continued)