1. The Caribbean Area: Slavery and Creolization, Education vs. Indigenous Cultures

2. 1.What color is Friday’s skin? (Friday from Robinson Crusoe)  Not yellow, because the aborigines were mostly eliminated there. The few Caribs left were mixed with the black slaves, who get associated with Cannibalism. 2. Can Friday speak? Does Caliban only know how to curse? (The Tempest: Prospero, Miranda and Caliban) (The Middle Passage) Slavery  Colonial Education  Creolization (in people and language)  Caribbean Disapora Cultures

3. Outline The Caribbean: Definitions & History of colonizationDefinitions & History of colonization Creolization: DefinitionsDefinitions English language & of people Race Relations  Conflicts and Displacement;Race Relations Caribbean Poetry and Music at a Glance: Caribbean poetry; Derek Walcott & dub poetryDerek Walcott dub poetry Popular culture: Different ways; Calypso, (Raggae & Rap)Different waysCalypso Our Course: Thematic Continuity, Geographic ExpansionThematic Continuity, Geographic Expansion

4. Definition (1): the Caribbean –3 groups 1. the Bahamas to the North East of Cuba the Greater Antilles the Lesser Antilles

5. Definition (2): the Caribbean “discovered” by Columbus in late 15th c., Spanish colonization, followed by the British, French and Dutch. “names: West Indies (Anglophone) –a misnomer (also East Indians); the Antilles (Francophone) the Caribbean as a term encompassing both Composed of immigrants only: the aboriginal communities [Amerindians-- Arawaks, Caribs, etc.] exterminated; Immigrants from Africa, Asia and Europe. Columbus & Arawak-- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_B1C-v0BzTE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_B1C-v0BzTE

6. Image of the Caribbean Jan van de Straet’s engraving “America”--the new world as a woman

7. History of Colonization in the Caribbean Area 1492-96 -- Columbus’s “discovery” of the West Indies 16th-18th centuries --Colonial period: also a period of wars among colonial nations and pirates, and conflicts between the white masters, black slaves and mulatto. Rebellion (1) –the Maroons e.g. Abeng – (from a West Africa); used primarily as a signaling device; served as a vital means of communication when the Maroons were at war with the British (e.g.)(e.g.) e.g. in Sugar Cane Alley The Middle Passage: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mo79PHVI-ck&feature=fvsr http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mo79PHVI-ck&feature=fvsr

8. Ways of rebellion (2): petit marronage ( 小走私 ) in francophone islands pretend sickness, steal, or even poison their masters. with music, dance, religion (voodon), or simply their different ways of living; examples: the school children’s tales of zombies; the songs the laborers sing—at the field, after Madouze dies-- in Sugar Cane Alley; open rebellion

9. History of Colonization in the Caribbean Area 1808 --1838 Britain and USA abolished slave trade; complete abolition of slavery in British colonies 1845 East Indian indentured laborers in Trinidad; Chinese indenture in French colonies (e.g. Wide Sargasso Sea)

10. History of Colonization in the Caribbean Area 1919-1939 seen as Slums of the Empire. Negritude ( Aimé Césaire ); Aimé Césaire Back to Africa movement (started in the 19 th century; supported later by MARCUS GARVEY)  Rastafari movementMARCUS GARVEY Madouze’s account in SGA riots & strikes in 1935- 1938 and afterwards

11. History of Colonization in the Caribbean Area Since the 50’s Colonization in reverse : West Indian migration to England  restrictions imposed Independence movements: 1958-62 -- The Federation of the West Indies independence  1962 -- Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago;1966  Barbados and Guyana;

12. American Imperialism in the Caribbean Area ( Cf. Bob Marley site http://www.bobmarley.com/) Economic the area becomes the tourists’ heaven and a cheap labor factory (capital, technology and management shipped to the area to use the labor power without leaving the profits there.) Cultural domination – music styles – the emergence of reggae (e.g. from rhythm & blue to Ska to reggae ) (e.g.

13. History of Colonization in the Caribbean Area Neo-Colonialism of the U.S.A. military intervention (e.g. "Caribbean Basin Initative"– bribing Jamaica and the rest of the Caribbean to support the armed confrontation in Grenada and the war in El Salvador. "Caribbean Basin Initative"

14. Creolization (1): Dictionary Definition A. language: mixture of languages, esp. in Southern US and the Caribbean area. B. People 1). Orignal meaning: Native, local, ” pure ” ; 2). Native-born whites; (e.g. Antoinette in WSS) 3). Hybrid (mixed-blood)

15. Definition (2): Creolization in the Caribbean Language – the mixture of English and African tribal languages into some special kinds of native languages (Patois, such as French Patois, Jamaican Patois). E e.g. Beijan: The English used in Barbados-- closest to standard English (e.g. 1); Jamaican creole,e.g. 1 "postcreole continuum“-- parallels the social hierarchy to some degrees (--those speaking in creole are looked down upon). Postcolonial usage of creole  dub poetry— the empire strikes back

16. Color System in the Caribbean Society People -- Europeans born in the Caribbean, mulatto “Dying to raise their color all of them” (199) (e.g. “Bright Thursday”) The color triangle: white brown dark

17. Race Relations: multiple division Post-emancipation period – conflicts between different races (e.g. the English vs. the French), between plantation owners and small farmers, between the newly rich and the declining aristocrats. Discriminated: mulatto and creole. In the contemporary Caribbean area and diaspora: the Bajan vs. the Jamaican, all against Haitian, etc.

18. Consequences of creolization racial conflicts; split sense of identity – in between Europe and Africa (e.g. Black Skin, White Mask – Frantz Fanon from Martinique) diverse and dynamic culture (Walcott on its music, painting and language)Walcott

19. The people’s resistance to colonialism: some examples of Caribbean Poetry Caribbean poetry (introd.) (introd.) Derek Walcott (e.g.) – combination of Western culture and creolized culture and island landscape(e.g. “I happen to have been born in an English and a Creole place, and love both languages. …” “ I who am poisoned with the blood of both, Where shall I turn, divided to the vein?” " A Far Cry From Africa“ Derek Walcott, 1957 As I worked, watching the rotting waves come past the bow that scissor the sea like milk, I swear to you all, by my mother's milk, by the stars that shall fly from tonight's furnace, that I loved them, my children, my wife, my home; I loved them as poets love the poetry that kills them, as drowned sailors the sea. You ever look up from some lonely beach and see a far schooner? Well, when I write this poem, each phrase go be soaked in salt; I go draw and knot every line as tight as ropes in this rigging; in simple speech my common language go be the wind, my pages the sails of the schooner Flight. But let me tell you how this business begin. (from “The Schooner Flight”The Schooner Flight

20. The people’s resistance to colonialism: some examples of Caribbean Poetry Dub poetry: forerunner of hip-hop an extension of reggae culture (“new raggae”) a form of performance poetry having its roots in popular Jamaican culture, and more particularly in reggae and Rastafarianism. The movement has served to bring poetry back to the people

21. Dub poetry openness to pop culture and esp. to music (reggae and calypso); appeal of public performance; acceptance of social responsibility --poetry has a “function” (poetry vs fiction as a middle-class genre) amateur poetic practice in the WI (e.g. Jamaican creole ) Jamaican creole e.g. Edward Braithwaite,Edward Braithwaite

22. Kamau Brathwaite “Wings of a Dove” About a Rasta Man “Brother Man the Rasta man, beard full of lichens 地衣 brain full of lice watched the mice ” After smoking his pipe of his gangja, he speaks of his people in ‘Bablylon town’ “So beat dem drums dem, spread dem wings dem, watch dem fly dem, soar dem high dem, clear in the glory of the Lord. Watch dem ship dem come to town dem full o' silk dem full o' food dem an' dem 'plane dem come to groun' dem full o' flash dem full o' cash dem silk dem food dem shoe dem wine dem that dem drink dem an' consume dem praisin' the glory of the Lord.

23. Kamau Brathwaite “Wings of a Dove” So beat dem burn dem, learn dem that dem got dem nothin' but dem bright bright baubles that will burst dem when the flame dem from on high dem raze an' roar dem an' de poor dem rise an' rage dem in de glory of the Lord.  Bob Marley, a Rastaa Rasta

24. Mikey Smith “ Black and White ” Different implications of “ black ” Michael SmithMichael Smith; Image source

25. “Colonization in Reverse” What a joyful news, Miss Mattie; Ah feel like me heart gwine burs-- Jamaica people colonizin Englan in reverse By de hundred, by de tousan From country an from town, By de ship-load, by the plane-load, Jamaica is Englan boun.

26. “Colonization in Reverse” (2) Dem a pout out a Jamaica; Everybody future plan Is fi get a big-time job An settle in de motherlan What a islan! What a people! Man an woman, ole and young Jussa pack dem bag an baggage An tun history upside dung! --Louis Bennett (e.g.)(e.g.)

27. Mutabaruka “ “ dis poem ” starts with middle passage, but extends to all kinds of racism all over the world. http://www.mutabaruka.com/lyrics.htm Note: nyahbingi drummingnyahbingi drumming

28. The people’s resistance to colonialism: some examples of Popular Culture Calypso: originated in the songs of African slaves who worked in the plantation fields of Trinidad. Forbidden to talk to each other, they used calypso to communicate feelings and information. e.g. Work songs in Sugar Cane Alley.Work songs e.g. "Dan is the Man"."Dan is the Man

29. "Dan is the Man" In education, he is taught to be “a block-headed mule” with his world filled with nonsensical nursery rimes. How about the education in the film Sugar Cane Alley?

30. Thematic Continuation in our course AreaCultures, race & gendercolonizationdiaspora Indian Subco n- tinent Religions  gender (purdah, sati, marriage), caste system, partition  children and (lack of) education; sisters, mother-daughter --UK. Departure --Hollywood --South Africa, the Caribbean, and to US West & South Africa 1) War and children 2) Apartheid, politics & power  land and body, religion, gender, language,  children and education 1) Congo in Liberia 2) Boer war  Afrikaaner vs. Bantu  (Writing vs. silence) Exile & “grief of strangers” The Carib- bean Diaspora + refugee; Creolization  language, race & gender  children & education; sisters, mother-daughter Slavery & Contract laborers; US. “Back” to Africa or UK

31. The Caribbean Texts – and their Themes Sugar Cane Alley –a boy’s experience of 1930’s labor exploitation; Western education vs. local cultures; cultural identities The Wide Sargasso Sea –1830’s (abolishment of slavery)  poor creole women (girls) vs. a black girl, Tia Abeng by Michelle Cliff – another creole girl whose great grandfather, Judge Savage, burned his hundred slaves on the eve of their emancipation. * Claire and Zoe Olive Senior's "Bright Thursdays" –a creole girl’s experience and fear of white culture and open space Annie John –a black girl’s growth to reject of her mother/culture. "Children of the Sea" –refugees from Haiti; two voices

32. The Caribbean Texts –and their Locations Sugar Cane Alley –Martinique The Wide Sargasso Sea –(Martinique), Dominique, Jamaica Abeng by Michelle Cliff -- Jamaica Olive Senior's "Bright Thursdays" -- Jamaica Annie John –Antigua "Children of the Sea" -- Haiti

33. The Caribbean area and the Caribbean diaspora Canada The U.S. “Children of the Sea”; Fugees Annie John M. Cliff, B. Marley Wide Sargasso Sea Sugar Cane Alley Derek Walcott England France India

34. References The Evolution of Afro-Caribbean Music http://www.cariwave.com/Evolution_Afro_Caribbean_M usic.htm Caribbean Poetry: Barbados