1. ניתוח מערכות מידע 1 The basic premise of OPM is that objects and processes are two types of equally important classes of things, that together faithfully describe both the structure and the behavior of systems in a single model in virtually any domain. At any point in time, each object is at some state, and object states are transformed through the occurrence of a process. Complexity is controlled through recursive and selective scaling (zooming) of objects and/or processes to any desired level of detail. Object-Process Methodology (Cont.)

2. ניתוח מערכות מידע 2 OPM Principles n Objects and processes are the two types of equally important things (entities) required to describe a system in a single, unifying model. n Processes transform objects by changing their state. Transformation includes creation and elimination. n Scaling can be applied recursively and selectively to both objects and processes.

3. ניתוח מערכות מידע 3 Objects, Processes, Things Object - has the potential of persistent unconditional existence for some positive duration of time. Object - has the potential of persistent unconditional existence for some positive duration of time. n Process - a pattern of changing that transforms one or more objects by changing their state or by creating or destroying them. n Thing: a generalization of an object and a process. B1B1B1B1 T1T1T1T1 P1P1P1P1

4. ניתוח מערכות מידע 4 Structure The static, relatively stable aspect of the system Non-transient, long-term relationships among objects in the system A snapshot of the system at a given time point that describes the state of the system - the state of each of its object Structure is about the static aspect of the system, while behavior is about its dynamics. Structural Relation - an association that holds between two or more things (objects and/or processes) in the system for some non-negligible time.

5. ניתוח מערכות מידע 5 Structural relations bi-directional structural link: unidirectional structural link: 2. Fundamental structural relations 1. General structural relations

6. ניתוח מערכות מידע 6 one of the following structural relations: Aggregation-Particulation Featuring-Characterization Generalization-Specialization Classification-Instantiation Since those relations are so widespread, special symbols are assigned for their corresponding links Fundamental Structural Relation

7. ניתוח מערכות מידע 7 Aggregation-Particulation: OPL: Image consists of Foreground and Background. Aggregation exists between things of the same kind: An object aggregates objects and process - processes.

8. ניתוח מערכות מידע 8 Feature: a thing that characterizes a thing. Attribute: a feature which is an object. Operation: a feature which is a process (also known as method or service). OPL: Image exhibits Name and Situation, as well as Display. Featuring-Characterization

9. ניתוח מערכות מידע 9 Cylinder A and Cylinder B are instances of Cylinder. Box C and Box D are instances of Box. Box C is in front of Box D. Box D is in front of Cylinder B. Box D is right of Cylinder A. Cylinder A is left of Cylinder B. Instantiation-Materialization: A B C D is in front of

10. ניתוח מערכות מידע 10 a structural relation that defines the relation between a general things and its specializations. also known as gen-spec; induces inheritance Symbol: Generalization-Specialization: An object generalizes objects and process - processes.

11. ניתוח מערכות מידע 11 Structural links: an example Lens Case Camera Capturing- Medium Electronic- Camera Analog- Camera is attached-to Magnetic Tape Photographic Film uses Operation- mode Focal- length holds

12. ניתוח מערכות מידע 12 n Procedural link is a link that connects a process with an object that is involved in the occurrence of that process. There are two types of procedural links: n Enabling link is a procedural link that connects a process with an Enabler of that process. Transformation link is a procedural link that connects a process with a Transformed object of that process. Transformation link is a procedural link that connects a process with a Transformed object of that process. n OPL: Procedural link generalizes Enabling link and Transformation link. Procedural links

13. ניתוח מערכות מידע 13 n Enabler of a process is an object that must be present in order for that process to occur but is not transformed by the process. An enabler is a role that an object assumes with respect to a particular process. An enabler is a role that an object assumes with respect to a particular process. n Two Enabler types: n OPL: Enabler generalizes Agent and Instrument. – Agent: an intelligent enabler, which can control the process it enables by exercising common sense or goal-oriented considerations. – Instrument: any non-agent enabler. Enablers

14. ניתוח מערכות מידע 14 n Agents: human, organization, a unit within a man-made organization, such as department, city council, government, team, company, brigade. n Not any human or organization is necessarily an agent. Instruments: machines, tools, computers, robots, hardware, software, documents, orders, recipes, algorithms, files, information, data and commands Instruments: machines, tools, computers, robots, hardware, software, documents, orders, recipes, algorithms, files, information, data and commands Enabler Examples

15. ניתוח מערכות מידע 15 n Effect link is a transformation link that connects a process with its affected object or with the affected object states. n Consumption link is a transformation link that connects a process with a consumed object of that process. n Result link is a transformation link that connects a process with a resulting object of that process. Transformation links

16. ניתוח מערכות מידע 16 Object-Process Diagram (OPD) An OPD is a diagram showing the objects and processes in the system, or part of it, at some level of detail, along with the structural and procedural relations among them. Scene Imaging Image Imaging- Device The Imaging System: Top-level OPD

17. ניתוח מערכות מידע 17 The Imaging System: Imaging-Device unfolded Scene Imaging Image Imaging- Device Range- Sensor Lens Case Camera Film

18. ניתוח מערכות מידע 18 The Imaging System: Imaging unfolded Scene Imaging Image Imaging- Device Photography Range- Sensing CameraRange- Sensor

19. ניתוח מערכות מידע 19 The Imaging System: Image unfolded The OPD shows both the static structure and the dynamic behavior of the system in one model. Scene Imaging Image Imaging- Device Photography Range- Sensing CameraRange- Sensor Photographic- Image Range- Image

20. ניתוח מערכות מידע 20 qState is a situation at which the object can exist for some time. qStatus is an attribute of an object whose values are states. Status and State

21. ניתוח מערכות מידע 21 Status Representations Implicit Status Representation Explicit Status Representation

22. ניתוח מערכות מידע 22 The effect of Process on Object Left: Lamp can be off or on. Lighting changes Lamp from on to of. Right: Lamp exhibits Status. Status can be off or on. Lighting changes Status of Lamp from off to on.

23. ניתוח מערכות מידע 23 n Scaling (zooming) - the mechanism of exposing more or less details of the system. This enables shifting the focus of interest from one thing to another without loosing the “big picture”. n Each scaling yields a new OPD. n The entire system is represented by the OPD set, in which each OPD is some view emphasizing part of the system. n Scaling up: zooming in; detailing; showing more details of a thing. n Scaling down: zooming out; abstracting; showing less details of a thing. Scaling: a complexity management tool

24. ניתוח מערכות מידע 24 Unfolding - uses,, or, any general structural link, or state expression. Reverse direction: Folding. Unfolding - uses,, or, any general structural link, or state expression. Reverse direction: Folding. Zooming-in - the frame of the thing is blown up and inner details are exposed. Reverse direction: Zooming-out. Zooming-in - the frame of the thing is blown up and inner details are exposed. Reverse direction: Zooming-out. Types of Scaling

25. ניתוח מערכות מידע 25 Two Types of Scaling: scaling of an object B1 B1.1 B1.2 P1.1 B1 B1.1 B1.2 P1.1 Zooming into B1 Unfolding of B1

26. ניתוח מערכות מידע 26 The Flange Drilling System Computerized Numeric Control (CNC) Machine Drilling Flange Disk Operator Legend Transformation link Agent link Instrument link Object Process

27. ניתוח מערכות מידע 27 Structural Links: aggregation as an example Drilling Flange Disk Operator Legend Transformation link Agent link Instrument link Object Process CNC Machine Control Controller Metal Cutting Unit Aggregation

28. ניתוח מערכות מידע 28 Zooming into Control Drilling Flange Disk Operator Control CNC Machine Controller Metal Cutting Unit Legend Transformation link Agent link Instrument link Object Process Aggregation Blow-up frame Command Generation Command Transfer Control

29. ניתוח מערכות מידע 29 The time line flows from top to bottom Drilling Flange Disk Operator Legend Transformation link Agent link Instrument link Object Process Characterization Attribute value Location on in stack on CNC Feed Location on out stack Make Holes on CNC Remove Initial state Final state Metal Cutting Unit Blow-up frame

30. ניתוח מערכות מידע 30 Automated Telling Machine (ATM) System

31. ניתוח מערכות מידע 31 Transaction Execution zoomed-in

32. ניתוח מערכות מידע 32 Account Checking blown up

33. ניתוח מערכות מידע 33 Transaction Processing zoomed-in