1. Globalisation Introduction –Defining Globalisation –History of Globalisation Globalisation and its Effects –Economy –Technology –Environment/ Ecology –Politics –Socio-Cultural Perspectives Conclusion

2. Introduction Globalisation is underpinned by fundamentalist concept of GLOBALISM Popularly expressed in terms of ‘Global Village’ or ‘think globally, act locally’ While commonly used, its meaning is imprecise Measuring globalisation is difficult due to its complex nature and its politicisation

3. Defining Globalisation As an evolutionary process Reflects the evolution of societal, economic and other relationships – local, regional, national, global This sets up a debate about degrees of interrelatedness and homogeneity In terms of its impact on domestic politics A useful excuse for failure of governments Degrees of direct effect due to trade, financial/currency markets, foreign policy

4. Defining Globalisation “compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole” Globalisation is one or all of an; economic, political, and/or social – cultural phenomena Globalisation is simply the ‘global expansion of the free market form of economy’ “hidden forces behind economic co-operation, free trade rules, and turmoil in international financial markets” It is basically a Westernisation and colonisation which began some centuries ago and differs only in regard to its scale, scope, and complexity

5. History of Globalisation Evolutionary approach –War as expansionary process –Mercantile capitalism –Industrial capitalism –Financial capitalism Expansion of free market approach –A trend in the expansion of multi-dimensional, multi-tiered processes derived from capitalist values and practices

6. History of Globalisation Key developments that facilitate globalisation Emergence of TNCs/ MNCs Establishment of world markets International division of labour Global and deregulated financial markets Standardisation of; qualifications, social rights, employment regulations, quality systems etc

7. Globalisation and its Effects Issues covered: 1. Economy 2.Technology 3.Environment/ Ecology 4.Political 4.1 The State 4.2 NGO’s 4.3 Intergovernmental Institutions 5.Socio-cultural 5.1 Values – Globalisation as Westernisation

8. Globalisation and its Effects 1.Economy Global does not mean large – small ‘niche’ Stateless corporations – TNCs relocatable, no allegiance, etc Production – highly standardised goods Financial Institutions – have a powerful and immediate effect on domestic situation Global markets – goods, services, people Trade in Labour

9. Globalisation and its Effects 2.Technology Both a tool and product –IT, medicine, genetics 3.Environment/Ecology Global warming, nuclear disasters, de- forestation, water, oil spills, introduced species, spread of disease (HIV/AIDS)

10. Globalisation and its Effects 4.Politics Conflict b/w autonomy and dependency and globalisation leads more to less national autonomy 4.1The Nation State – is it redundant? Sovereignty –Internal – state has authority and control –External – states ability to maintain borders and territorial integrity Privatisation –State loses control when it privatises public goods and utilities

11. Globalisation and its Effects 4.2Non Government Organisations (NGOs) A.I., Greenpeace, Red Cross, etc Bring pressure to bear on states, and can set the international agenda 4.3Intergovernmental Organisations The UN uses coercion through security council, general assembly etc The EU moved from economic cooperation to control of domestic policy

12. Globalisation and its Effects 5.Socio-Cultural perspectives Potential for de-identification, homogenisation/universalisation of cultures and values Dominant cultures win, ie Western Cultural and national identities are strong so this creates tension

13. Globalisation and its Effects 5.1Globalisation as Westernisation Imposition of western values etc through universalisation, harmonisation, homogeneity – major players are Western Major institutions support these goals – World Bank, IMF, many NGOs Pressure exerted by Westerners through UN Introduction of ‘Asian Values’, French nationalism etc as backlash

14. Conclusion Globalisation not ‘inevitable’ but is with us and likely to continue Universalisation likely to continue but will be resisted States and people will try to retain diversity, autonomy and heterogeneity to some extent Policy makers (governments) will both court and resist TNCs and globalising forces