1. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 1 Abstract Data Types many slides taken from Mike Scott, UT Austin

2. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 2 Data Structures  Data structure is a representation of data and the operations allowed on that data.

3. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 3 Abstract Data Types  In Object Oriented Programming data and the operations that manipulate that data are grouped together in classes  Abstract Data Types (ADTs) or data structures or collections store data and allow various operations on the data to access and change it

4. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 4 Why Abstract?  Specify the operations of the data structure and leave implementation details to later –in Java use an interface to specify operations  many, many different ADTs –picking the right one for the job is an important step in design –"Get your data structures correct first, and the rest of the program will write itself." -Davids Johnson  High level languages often provide built in ADTs, –the C++ STL, the Java standard library

5. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 5 The Core Operations  Every Collection ADT should provide a way to: –add an item –remove an item –find, retrieve, or access an item  Many, many more possibilities –is the collection empty –make the collection empty –give me a sub set of the collection –and on and on and on…  Many different ways to implement these items each with associated costs and benefits

6. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 6 Implementing ADTs  when implementing an ADT the operations and behaviors are already specified –think Java interface  Implementer’s first choice is what to use as the internal storage container for the concrete data type –the internal storage container is used to hold the items in the collection –often an implementation of an ADT –initially slim pickings for choice of storage containers: arrays anyone?

7. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 7 The Grand Tour  Why study ADTs?  Why reimplement some of them?  How many of you will actually go out and create your own linked list ADT from scratch?  Remember, the primary goal is to learn how to learn how to use and create ADTs –also learn the behavior of some of the more conventional ADTs

8. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 8 Bags and Sets  Simplest ADT is a Bag –items can be added, removed, accessed –no implied order to the items –duplicates allowed  Set –same as a bag, except duplicate elements not allowed –union, intersection, difference, subset

9. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 9 Lists  Items have a position in this Collection –Random access or not?  Array Lists –internal storage container is native array  Linked Lists public class Node {private Object data; private Node next; } first last

10. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 10 Stacks  Collection with access only to the last element inserted  Last in first out  insert/push  remove/pop  top  make empty TopData4 Data3 Data2 Data1

11. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 11 Queues  Collection with access only to the item that has been present the longest  Last in last out or first in first out  enqueue, dequeue, front  priority queues and deque Data4Data3Data2Data1 Front Back

12. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 12 Stacks and Queues in the Java Collection API  No queue in the Java collections ADT  Stack extends Vector (which is almost exactly like ArrayList) –Hmmm?  One reason the Java Collections Library is often said to be broken  no Queue in Collection API

13. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 13 Trees  Similar to a linked list public class TreeNode {private Object data; private TreeNode left; private TreeNode right; } Root

14. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 14 Other Types of Trees  Binary Search Trees –sorted values  Heaps –sorted via a different algorithm  AVL and Red-Black Trees –binary search trees that stay balanced  Splay Trees  B Trees

15. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 15 HashTables  Take a key, apply function  f(key) = hash value  store data or object based on hash value  Sorting O(N), access O(1) if a perfect hash function and enough memory for table  how deal with collisions?

16. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 16 Other ADTs  Maps –a.k.a. Dictionary –Collection of items with a key and associated values –similar to hash tables, and hash tables often used to implement Maps  Graphs –Nodes with unlimited connections between other nodes  Sparse vectors and sparse matrices

17. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 17 The Java Collection Interface boolean isEmpty() int size() boolean add(Object x) boolean contains(Object x) boolean remove(Object x) void clear() Object[] toArray() Iterator iterator()

18. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 18 Generic Containers  ADTs or Collection classes should be generic –only write them once, hold lots or all types of data –Java achieves genericity through inheritance and polymorphism  ADTs have an internal storage container –What is storing the stuff, –implementation vs. abstraction –in Java, usually holds Objects. Why?

19. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 19

20. CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science 20 Example - ArrayList