2. Petroleum hydrocarbons Plastics Pesticides Heavy metals Sewage Radioactive waste Thermal effluents Marine Pollutants

3. Pollutants Entering the Ocean Farm runoff 20%Air pollutants 20% Marine transportation 10% Offshore oil 10% Industrial wastewater 5% Litter 5%

4. Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003. Petroleum Hydrocarbons

5. Casitas NOAA Marine debris vessel Annual collection of 100 metric tons of debris July 5, 2005 Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil Petroleum Hydrocarbons

6. Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska 10 million gallons of oil spilled 400 miles of shore line affected $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

7. The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry. Spain November 19, 2002 Lifeboat w/ dead bird sinking incident

8. Persian Gulf War (1991) 240 million gallons of oil spilled

9. BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day

10. Containing oil spills: Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship Burning oil off Chemical dispersants Bioremediation- bacteria

11. Containing oil spills: Hair Booms

12. Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean: River runoff31.1% Tanker operations21.8% Coastal facilities13.1% Atmospheric fallout 9.8% Natural seepage 9.8% Other transportation activities 9.8% Tanker accidents 3.3% Offshore petroleum production 1.3%

13. 100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface Plastics

14. “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi 2. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

15. 135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N

16. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6 Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded

17. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

18. Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800,000 birds. hypersaline lake (120- 140 o / oo ) Laysan Island Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

19. Sooty tern Laysan finch Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan albatross Laysan ducks

20. Laysan Island Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

21. Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

22. Albatross Chick

24. 2004-2007 Barber’s Point

25. Nontoxic Chemical Spills Sept. 10, 2013 233,000 gallons molasses spilled (1400 tons) Matson Pier on the Sand Island side of Honolulu Harbor westward into Ke’ehi Lagoon 30,000 fish dead

26. Toxic Chemical Spills

27. Designed to kill a variety of pests, such as mosquitoes, agricultural pests and weeds. Toxin enters food chain and effects non targeted species Pesticide toxicity often effects human health Bioaccumulation  biomagnification Pesticides & Herbicides

28. Biomagnification

29. PCBs DDT Bioaccumulation biomagnification Pesticides, Herbicides & other organochlorines

30. Silent Spring began public debate over chemicals Rachel Carson published Silent Spring in 1962. –Brought together studies to show DDT risks to people, wildlife, and ecosystems –In the 1960s, pesticides were mostly untested and were sprayed over public areas, assuming they would do no harm. DDT Powerful Insecticide Harmless to humans

31. Polychloronated biphenyls (PCBs) Toxic chemicals Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) in killer whales and humans.

32. Heavy metals resist biodegredation Natural occurrence- volcanoes Mercury (Hg) Copper (Cu) Lead (Pb) Cadmium (Cd) Toxic Metals

33. Minamata Disease (1953-1960)– Japan Mercury

35. Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) Banned in U.S. 1980s Acts as an immunosuppressor Accumulations unusually high in small whales May be associated with strandings Copper

36. Leaded gasoline invented 1920’s Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps Leaded gas banned in US in 1980’s has reduced pollution in ocean Bioaccumulation  biomagnification Lead

37. Sewage Causes disease outbreaks Contributes to eutrophication Point Source Pollution

38. Medical Waste Waimanalo Gulch Landfill overflowed into Ko’olina Jan 2011

39. 6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches Close! 48 million gallons Why? 40 straight days of rain 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains

40. Disease

41. Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff nutrient enrichment of coastal waters physiological consequences on corals ecological consequences –phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration –benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

42. Nutrients and Algae Growth

44. Atomic Testing

46. Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test site.

47. Nuclear Contamination SEVERE HIGH ELEVATED GUARDED LOW

48. Ocean Dumping total > 10 million Curies Three Mile Island (‘79) = 17 Curies Chernobyl (‘86) = 100 million Curies Fukushima (‘11)= 60 million Curies US Other Switzerland Great Britain USSR

49. Arctic Ocean Russia Soviet Union’s Atomic Dumping Ground Moscow

50. April 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami, Reactor Melts Fukushima Nuclear plant accident

51. Thermal Effluents Power plants

52. Non-Point Source Pollution Ala Wai Constructed 1920-28 to reduce mosquitoes, but failed.

53. Sediment Runoff

54. Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean (Maui)

55. Corals Smothered in Sediment

56. Pflueger at Pila’a, Kauai $7.5 million for Clean Water Act violations

57. Types of Non-Point Source Pollution sediments from coastal urban and agricultural development nutrients from detergents, fertilizers, leaky septic tanks, and domesticated animals pesticides (home use, agricultural, & golf courses)

58. Types of Non-Point Source Pollution automobile wastes such as combusted motor oil, tire rubber, brake pad dust, coolant, etc. waste water from swimming pools and aquaculture ponds

59. Other Wastes

60. Japan Tsunami 2011 Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories Hawaii http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011-japan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/

61. 1989

63. Net Damage

64. French Frigate Shoals (2001) Kure Atoll

65. Sept. 28, 2007 Kamilo Beach Big Island

66. Munitions Dumping Millions of pounds of mustard gas canisters were jettisoned into the Atlantic Ocean off New Jersey (1964) and elsewhere. (Photo: The U.S. Army)

67. Munitions Dumping 1940’s to 1972 off west coast of Oahu

68. 1.Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification. 2.Discuss the process of managing an oil spill. 3.Which event was the largest oil spill in history? 4.Distinguish between point source and nonpoint source pollution. 5.What may result when eutrophication occurs? Inquiry