1. 1 Describing the World: Data Model Patterns Part Two: Metadata Essential Strategies, Inc. 13 Hilshire Grove Lane, Houston, TX 77055  (713) 464-8316  dch@essentialstrategies.com  www.essentialstrategies.com Library of Congress David C. Hay Washington, DC March 24, 2009

2. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 2 Part Two: Metadata and Specializations  Abstraction Level 1: Metadata Information Resources Accounting Metadata models are descriptions that can apply to the entire enterprise model or any part of it.

3. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 3 Part Two: Metadata and Specializations  Abstraction Level 1: Metadata Information Resources Accounting

4. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 4 1. Information Resources... INFORMATION RESOURCE DEFINITION: “Data Model Patterns…” (ISBN: 0-932633-29-3), “U.S. Constitution”, “Dch@essen... to rkh5donkey@yahoo.com” etc. INFORMATION RESOURCE INSTANCE: “Data Model Patterns…” (copy 235), “U.S. Constitution”, (Original in national Achives) “Dch@essen... to rkh5donkey@yahoo.com” “(copy to rkh…)” “(copy to dch…) etc. MEDIUM: “Book”, “Legal document”, “E-mail”, etc.

5. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 5 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records...

6. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 6 Definitions...  Item - a physical object that has paper pages and a binding and can sometimes be used to prop open a door or hold up a table leg.  Manifestation – a “publication” as when we go to a bookstore to purchase a book. We may know its ISBN but the particular copy does not matter as long as it’s in good condition and not missing pages.  Expression - a particular text in a specific language.  Work - the conceptual content that underlies all of the linguistic versions, the storybeing told in the book, the ideas in a person’s head for the book.

7. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 7 In the Hay version...  Work is represented by Information Resource Definition.  Item is represented by Information Resource Instance.  Manifestation is (sort of) encompassed in Information Resource Definition.  Expression is not adequately handled at all.

8. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 8 You know the difference between a terrorist and a data modeler, of course...

9. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 9 2. Information Resource Relationships... INFORMATION RESOURCE RELATIONSHIP: …STRUCTURE: “Data Model Patterns…” || “Chapter 3: The Enterprise” …REFERENCE: “Data Model Patterns…” || “1. R.G. Ross, The Business rule Book” etc.

10. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 10 3. Business Terms... CONCEPT: “A willingness to lend money (by a bank)” “A structure and associated elements for removing crude oil from the ground (by an oil company).” etc. EXPRESSION: “Facility” “Data Model” “Site” etc.

11. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 11 Example of BUSINESS TERM...  Facility – “A willingness to lend money.”  Facility – “A structure and associated elements for removing crude oil from the ground.”  Site – “A structure and associated elements for removing crude oil from the ground.”  etc.

12. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 12 4. Data Model as Concepts... NOTE: Anything else in the model can be a MODELED CONCEPT, represented by one or more BUSINESS TERMS.

13. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 13 The fundamental problem...

14. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 14 The fundamental problem...  Items (Information Resource Definitions) are physical resources, like any other Physical Asset, to be inventoried and managed like any other.  Works (Information Resource Instances) may in fact be related to any other entity class in the model.  The many-to-many relationships hide a much more complex world than it appears.

15. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 15 5. Descriptions and Topics... An INFORMATION RE- SOURCE TOPIC ASSIG- NMENT is a “tag” that categorizes the INFOR- MATION RESOURCE CONTENT. An INFORMATION RE- SOURCE DESCRIPTION of a DOCUMENT is the metadata (such as “title”, “ISBN”, etc.) that describe the information resource. INFORMATION RE- SOURCE CONTENT is the text that constitutes the resource NOTE: An INFORMATION RESOURCE may be “about” any other ENTITY, ATTRIBUTE, or RELATIONSHIP in the enterprise data model.

16. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 16 6. Distributions... DISTRIBUTION: “Dch@essen... to rkh5donkey@ yahoo.com copy to rkh” “Dch@essen... to rkh5donkey@yahoo.com” copy to dch” etc.

17. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 17 About people...

18. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 18 What about... ?  “is edited by”  “is illustrated by”  “is sold by”  Etc.

19. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 19 7. Information Resource Roles...

20. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 20 8. Disposition Rules...

21. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 21 9. Actual Dispositions...

22. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 22 Part Two: Metadata and Specializations  Abstraction Level 1: Metadata Documents Accounting

23. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 23 I know...  Everybody (ok, nearly everyone) hates accounting.  It is truly mysterious.  And the source of great shenanigans.  I always thought so.  Until I discovered something...

24. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 24 The two interesting things about bookkeeping...  It is the only word in the English language that contains three sets of double letters next to each other.  It is itself a modeling language. It describes the organization in a formal way.  Luca Pacioli, a monk and collaborator of Leonardo da Vinci, first codified the system in a mathematics textbook of 1494.  Assignment: Invent a way to “model” the assets of the church.  Oh, and we don’t recognize the existence of negative numbers. So, let’s learn how to keep the books…

25. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 25 About Accounts  An account is a name for a collection of financial quantities Asset Account – the amount of money or items of value held by the organization. Liability Account – of the amount of Assets, that amount which was loaned by someone outside the organization. Equity Account – of the amount of Assets, that amount which is owned by the organization. Business Rule: The total value of all Asset Account BALANCES must equal - the total value of all Liability Account BALANCES plus - the total value of all Equity Account BALANCES.

26. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 26 1. Accounts... In the Federal Government, an ACCOUNT is called a “Fiscal Strip”, an ACCOUNT TYPE is a “Budget Order Class”, and a COST CENTER is called a “Budget Line Item”.

27. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 27 2. Account Structures and Categories... Business Rule: An ACCOUNT may only be part of a single ACCOUNT STRUCTURE in a particular ROLL-UP SCHEME.

28. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 28 Some Accounting Business Rules...  To maintain the equivalence cited above, every transaction must: Add to an ASSET ACCOUNT and subtract from an ASSET ACCOUNT, or Add to an ASSET ACCOUNT and add to a LIABILITY ACCOUNT or an EQUITY ACCOUNT, or Subtract from an ASSET ACCOUNT and subtract from an EQUITY ACCOUNT.

29. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 29 Some Accounting Business Rules (cont.)...  To do this, it must consist of: A DEBIT, which either  adds to an ASSET ACCOUNT,  subtracts from a LIABILITY ACCOUNT,  subtracts from an EQUITY ACCOUNT, A CREDIT, which either  subtracts from an ASSET ACCOUNT,  adds to a LIABILITY ACCOUNT,  adds to an EQUITY ACCOUNT.  Each new BALANCE, then, is created by adding or subtracting from the previous balance according to these rules. Asset Liabil- ity Equity plus debit plus debit plus debit minus credit minus credit minus credit plus credit plus credit minus debit minus debit minus debit minus debit plus credit pluscredit

30. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 30 3. Accounting Transactions...

31. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 31 For example... 1000 6560 6060 Credit Account Balance 1524500Cash (Asset) + Accounts Receivable (Asset) - Payment Receipt 1500500Accounts Receivable (Asset) + Revenue (Equity) + Invoice 1024430Cash (Asset) + Revenue (Equity) + Cash Sale Debit Account Balance Transaction Value Account Debited Account Credited Accounting Transaction

32. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 32 4. Accounting Rule Entries...

33. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 33 For Example... _Accounts Receivable (Asset) +Cash on hand (Asset) Payment Received +Revenue (Equity +Accounts Receivable (Asset) Invoice -Cash on Hand (Asset) _Accounts Payable (Liability) Payment Made +Accounts Payable (Liability) +Inventory (Asset) Purchase +/- Credit rule account +/- Debit rule account Accounting transaction type

34. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 34 5. Accounting Cost Center Links...

35. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 35 More Accounting Cost Center Links... ??

36. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 36 6. Transaction Product Cost Links...

37. Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc. 37 Questions?