1. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 1 Sequential Circuit: Register Introduction N-bit register contains n flip-flop and several logic gates and able to store n-bit information Flip-flop stores information and logic gates control when and how new information transferred into register Several register functionality  Fetch data from register  Store/load new data into register (serial or parallel)  Shift data into register (right or left)

2. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 2 Sequential Circuit: Register Simple register No external gate Example: 4-bit data. 4-bit new data is loaded each clock cycle

3. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 3 Sequential Circuit: Register Register with parallel load Other than load register at each clock cycle, we also need to control when it will be loaded Loading register: load new information into register. Needed control input “load” Parallel loading: all bit is loaded simultaneously

4. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 4 Sequential Circuit: Register With parallel load

5. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 5 Sequential Circuit: Register Shift Register Other function of register, other than storage is data movement Each flip-flop in shift register represent one bit storage and data shift ability provide data movement space from one level to another level in register or into or out the register based on clock pulse

6. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 6 Sequential Circuit: Register Shift Register Basic movement in shift register (this diagram is for 4-bit shift register)

7. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 7 Sequential Circuit: Register Serial In/Serial Out Shift Register Received data serially – one bit at a time and produce serial output

8. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 8 Sequential Circuit: Register Serial In/Serial Out Shift Register Usage: transfer data serially from register to register

9. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 9 Sequential Circuit: Register Serial In / Serial Out Shift Register Example: transfer data serially

10. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 10 Sequential Circuit: Register Serial In / Serial Out Shift Register Received data serially Output simultaneously

11. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 11 Sequential Circuit: Register Parallel In / Serial Out Shift Register Received parallel data (bit enter simultaneously) Serial Output (one by one)

12. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 12 Sequential Circuit: Register Parallel In / Serial Out Shift Register Received parallel data (bit enter simultaneously) Serial Output (one by one)

13. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 13 Sequential Circuit: Register Parallel In / Parallel Out Shift Register Received data simultaneously and exit simultaneously

14. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 14 Sequential Circuit: Register Bidirectional Shift Register Data can be shifted either left or right using RIGHT/LEFT control gate to determine direction

15. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 15 Sequential Circuit: Register Bidirectional Shift Register 4-bit Bidirectional Shift Register with parallel load

16. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 16 Sequential Circuit: Register Bidirectional Shift Register 4-bit Bidirectional Shift Register with parallel load

17. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 17 Sequential Circuit: Register Bidirectional Shift Register Usage  Serial Addition  Shift Register Counter  Ring Counter  Johnson Counter

18. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 18 Sequential Circuit: RAM Introduction to Random Access Memory - RAM Memory unit which store binary information in group of bit called “word” Data consist of n line (for n-bit word). Data input line prepare information to be stored (write) into memory yet output data line brings information out (read) of memory Address consist of k-line which determine which word (between 2 k word) for read or write. Read/Write control line determine data transition direction either for read or write.

19. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 19 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) Memory unit block diagram

20. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 20 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) Contains 1024x16bit memory

21. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 21 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) Write Operation  Send address for related “word” to address line  Send data bit (word) which will be stored into memory to input data line  Activate write control line (set Read/Write to 0) Read Operation  Send address for related “word” to address line  Activate read control line (set Read/Write to 1)

22. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 22 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) Write Operation  Send address for related “word” to address line  Send data bit (word) which will be stored into memory to input data line  Activate write control line (set Read/Write to 0) Read Operation  Send address for related “word” to address line  Activate read control line (set Read/Write to 1)

23. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 23 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) Read/Write Operation Two types of RAM: Static and Dynamic  Static RAM use flip-flop as memory cell  Dynamic RRAM use capacitor charge to represent data. Simple circuit and always need to be charge again

24. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 24 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) Read/Write Operation Two types of RAM: Static and Dynamic  Static RAM use flip-flop as memory cell  Dynamic RRAM use capacitor charge to represent data. Simple circuit and always need to be charge again

25. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 25 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) The following logic and block diagram shows one memory cell for static RAM

26. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 26 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) Logical built for 4x4 RAM (with decoder and OR gate)

27. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 27 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) Array for RAM chips: memory chip is combined to form larger size memory 1K x 8-bit RAM chip

28. MOHD. YAMANI IDRIS/ NOORZAILY MOHAMED NOOR 28 Sequential Circuit: RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) 4K x 8-bit RAM chip