Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

New Section Nucleic Acids - final group of macromolecules Nucleotides - monomers Central Dogma transcription translation RNA Protein DNA replication.

Published by Modified over 9 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "New Section Nucleic Acids - final group of macromolecules Nucleotides - monomers Central Dogma transcription translation RNA Protein DNA replication."— Presentation transcript:

1 New Section Nucleic Acids - final group of macromolecules Nucleotides - monomers
Central Dogma transcription translation RNA Protein DNA replication

2 Higher levels of cellular organization
Central dogma cannot explain how a cell works Higher levels of organization - e. g. making a chloroplast - require complex interactions of hundreds (thousands) of genes and the context of an existing cell

3 Lecture Outline Nucleic acid structure DNA replication
*Nucleotide Monomer Linear DNA strand Double-stranded DNA Packaging of DNA into a chromosome DNA replication

4 Nucleotide has three parts
Bases: purines or pyrimidines One to three phosphates DNA - deoxyribose RNA - ribose Panel 2-6

5 Pentose (Monosaccharide)
Carbons numbered 1’ - 5’ 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ Bonds through 5’ and 3’ C form polymer (DNA or RNA) 2’OH - Ribose 2’H (no OH) deoxyribose Panel 2-6

6 (one N-containing ring)
Pyrimidines (one N-containing ring) Purines (two N-containing rings) Only in RNA Uracil (U) Adenine (A) cytosine (C) Only in DNA Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Bases Panel 2-6

7 Nucleotide nomenclature
Sugar + base = nucleoside Sugar + base + phosphate = nucleotide RNA AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP ADP, GDP, CDP, UDP ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP Monophosphates Diphosphates Triphosphates Energy metabolism DNA dAMP, dGMP, dCMP, dTMP dADP, dGDP, dCDP, dTDP dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP Monophosphates Diphosphates Triphosphates

8 Nucleotide to Nucleic Acid ...
Bases Linear strand has polarity: 5’ to 3’ ECB 2-25

9 Bonding of nucleotides into strand:
Ester bonds through 5’C and 3’C... sugar base 5’ C is bonded to Pi phosphate

10 Chain held together by phosphodiester bonds
5’ Pi -Pi 5’ 3’ 5’ Pi -Pi 3’ Pi -Pi Phosphodiester bond 3’ Panel 2-6

11 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acid structure Nucleotide Monomer
Linear DNA strand *Double-stranded DNA Packaging of DNA into chromosome DNA replication Where in the cell do we find DNA?

12 DNA strands are antiparallel and H bonded
Double standed DNA. Note that the strands have opposite polarity, and the bases face in toward the center. Double helix held together by H bonds between bases ECB 5-2

13 Strands held together by base pairs
A + T 2 H-bonds Purine-pyrimidine pairs G + C 3 H-bonds ECB 5-6

14 DNA double helix Bases In 5’ end center 3’ end Sugar-phosphate
backbone 3-D structure of DNA is a helix. On the left is a side view, and on the right is a view Strands are complementary - if know 1 predict other ECB 5-7

15 Space filling model Minor groove 10 base pairs per turn Major groove
1 double helix can be millions of base pairs long ECB 5-8 2 nm

16 DNA is the genetic material
Debate raged in 1920s to 1940s; protein or nucleic acid or.. Mid 1940s; Avery MacLeod and McCarthy

17 DNA sequencing Genome Projects
The linear sequence of nucleotides can be determined by DNA sequencing technologies - facility on campus  globin ECB 5-11 Genome Projects Complete sequence of all nuclear DNA from an organism (prokaryotes, yeast, plant, man etc) Human genome (3,000,000,000 nucleotides) Arabidopsis genome: 5,000,000 nucleotides Last lecture in this section - Biotechnology

18 Introduction to nucleic acids
DNA structure Nucleotide Monomer Linear DNA strand Double-stranded DNA *Packaging of DNA into chromosomes DNA Replication

19 Prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
Circle of ds DNA Few million base pairs DNA packaging not a big issue Eukaryotes- Multiple chromosomes Few billion base pairs total DNA packaging a big issue ECB 5-12

20 Levels of DNA packaging in a eukaryotic cell
Typical human cell contains about 2 meters of DNA in nucleus Yet the nucleus is only ~10 m in diameter ECB 5-24

21 DNA condenses in preparation for mitosis and cell division
Cell cycle Chromosome Extended Condensed ECB 5-17

22 Transmission EM view of a chromosome
Mitotic Chromosome (H shape) Interphase ECB 5-20

23 CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE Condensed chromosome has two
Telomeres Condensed chromosome has two copies of each double helix held together Centromere - region where two chromatids are held together Duplicated chromosome drawn as an ‘H’ Each line is double-stranded DNA 1 strand is a chromatid

24 Extent of chromatin condensation varies at different locations on chromosome
Heterochromatin Condensed chromatin Stays condensed throughout cell cycle Common around centromeres and telomeres Does not code for protein Euchromatin “true chromatin” Condenses prior to division Transcription occurs from euchromatin that is not highly condensed Most chromatin in humans does not code for RNA or protein

25 X-chromosome Inactivation (heterochromatin)
Female mammals - 2 X chromosomes Early embryos, random selection of X chromosome for inactivation (condensed into inactive heterochromatin) Calico Cat. Black coat color gene is on one X chromosome, yellow coat color is on the other X chromosome. Random inactivation (condensation) during early embryogenesis results in patches of different coat colors.

26 Introduction to nucleic acids
DNA structure Nucleotide Monomer Linear DNA strand Double-stranded DNA Packaging of DNA into chromosomes *DNA Replication

27 Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein Begin with DNA replication
transcription translation DNA RNA Protein replication Begin with DNA replication (Nucleus of eukaryote, cytoplasm of prokaryote) Replication is semi-conservative and bidirectional Biochemistry of replication Problem of replicating chromosome ends (telomeres) Outline

28 Replication is semi-conservative
ECB 6-2 Semiconservative- both new DNA helices contain 1 old and 1 new strand ECB 6-3 Parental DNA strand = template

29 1. Selection of sites for initiation of DNA synthesis
2. Separate DNA strands (form open complex) 3. Directionality of DNA synthesis 4. Assemble molecules for DNA synthesis

30 Parental DNA = template
Origin of replication Double-stranded DNA 5’ 3’ specific sequence Double helix opened with aid of initiator proteins Single-stranded DNA ready for DNA synthesis 5’ 3’ 2 Replication forks Parental DNA = template

31 Prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
ori Prokaryotes- 1 origin of replication ~100 base pairs Eukaryotes- Multiple origins on each chromosome Human-~10,000 origins total

32 Replication is bidirectional
Origins of replication Bidirectional fork movement ECB 6-9 Replication forks Replication bubble Prok or Euk?

33 3. Directionality of DNA synthesis
1. Selection of sites for initiation of DNA synthesis 2. Separate DNA strands (form open complex) 3. Directionality of DNA synthesis 4. Assemble molecules for DNA synthesis

34 DNA polymerase -adds nuclotides at 3’ end
ECB 6-10 5’ end template DNA polymerase -adds nuclotides at 3’ end 3’ OH Incoming nucleotide (triphosphate) adds at 3’OH of growing chain (condensation rx driven by cleavage of PiPi) Synthesis occurs in 5’ - 3’ direction Specificity of which base adds depends on base pairing with template strand

Download ppt "New Section Nucleic Acids - final group of macromolecules Nucleotides - monomers Central Dogma transcription translation RNA Protein DNA replication."

Similar presentations

DNA! spooled gene chromosomes chromatin double helix.

DNA! spooled gene chromosomes chromatin double helix.
Introduction to molecular biology. Subjects overview Investigate how cells organize their DNA within the cell nucleus, and replicate it during cell division.

Introduction to molecular biology. Subjects overview Investigate how cells organize their DNA within the cell nucleus, and replicate it during cell division.
At the end of this lecture you should be able to: Recognize the structural components of a DNA and a RNA molecule. (LO 5.1) Recognize and apply the.

At the end of this lecture you should be able to: Recognize the structural components of a DNA and a RNA molecule. (LO 5.1) Recognize and apply the.
Nucleic Acids - Informational Polymers

Nucleic Acids - Informational Polymers
CHAPTER 2 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES Section E: Nucleic Acids - Informational Polymers 1.Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary.

CHAPTER 2 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES Section E: Nucleic Acids - Informational Polymers 1.Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary.
Nucleic Acids Hereditary Material. Nucleic Acids VI. nucleic acids transmit hereditary information by determining what proteins a cell makes A. two classes.

Nucleic Acids Hereditary Material. Nucleic Acids VI. nucleic acids transmit hereditary information by determining what proteins a cell makes A. two classes.
BackBack 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next23456789Next CLOSE WINDOW.

BackBack Next Next CLOSE WINDOW.
Discussing DNA replication (Nucleus of eukaryote, cytoplasm of prokaryote) Central Dogma DNARNA Protein transcriptiontranslation replication Replication.

Discussing DNA replication (Nucleus of eukaryote, cytoplasm of prokaryote) Central Dogma DNARNA Protein transcriptiontranslation replication Replication.
Chapter 22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 22 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Biology 107 Macromolecules III September 10, 2002.

Biology 107 Macromolecules III September 10, 2002.
Nucleic Acids 1. WHAT ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS? Used for: Storing genetic information Assembly instructions for protein synthesis Energy molecule (ATP – adenosine.

Nucleic Acids 1. WHAT ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS? Used for: Storing genetic information Assembly instructions for protein synthesis Energy molecule (ATP – adenosine.
Nucleic Acids.

Nucleic Acids.
Chapter 5 (Please do read every single page)

Chapter 5 (Please do read every single page)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. DNA RNA Protein Scientists call this the: Central Dogma of Biology!

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. DNA RNA Protein Scientists call this the: Central Dogma of Biology!
9.1 Transcription. Central Dogma DNARNAPROTEIN TranscriptionTranslation.

9.1 Transcription. Central Dogma DNARNAPROTEIN TranscriptionTranslation.
Molecular Biology (Foundation Block) The central dogma of molecular biology Nucleotide chemistry DNA, RNA and chromosome structure DNA replication Gene.

Molecular Biology (Foundation Block) The central dogma of molecular biology Nucleotide chemistry DNA, RNA and chromosome structure DNA replication Gene.
DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
Chapter 17 Nucleotides and Nucleic acids Chemistry 20.

Chapter 17 Nucleotides and Nucleic acids Chemistry 20.
DNA & DNA Replication. History DNA DNA Comprised of genes In non-dividing cell nucleus as chromatin Protein/DNA complex Chromosomes form during cell division.

DNA & DNA Replication. History DNA DNA Comprised of genes In non-dividing cell nucleus as chromatin Protein/DNA complex Chromosomes form during cell division.
Introduction The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a gene. A gene consists of regions of DNA, a polymer of nucleic acids. DNA (and.

Introduction The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a gene. A gene consists of regions of DNA, a polymer of nucleic acids. DNA (and.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google