1. Freedom and Determinism Libertarianism

2. Review The Free Will Principle: People sometimes act freely. Determinism (official): For any propositions, P1 and P2, and times, T1 and T2 (where T1 is earlier than T2), if P1 expresses the state of the world at T1 and P2 expresses the state of the world at T2, then the conjunction of P1 and the laws of nature entails P2.

3. Review Compatibilism: The Free Will Principle is compatible with Determinism. Incompatibilism: The Free Will Principle is incompatible with Determinism. Hard Determinism: Determinism is true, so the Free Will Principle is false. Libertarianism: The Free Will Principle is true, so Determinism is false.

4. Simple Indeterminism For any event E, E is undetermined iff there is no time T such that (i) T is earlier than E and (ii) the conjunction of the proposition expressing the state of the world at T and the laws of nature entails that E will occur. Simple Indeterminism: (i) There are some undetermined events and (ii) an action is free iff it is undetermined. Objection: The ice cream case

5. Volitional Indeterminism For any action A, A is a volition iff A is an act of choosing or willing. Volitional Indeterminism: (i) There are some undetermined events and (ii) an action is free iff it is an undetermined volition or caused by an undetermined volition within its agent. Objection: The revised ice cream case

6. The Libertarian Dilemma The Pure Chance Principle: If an event is undetermined, then no one is responsible for that event. The Transitivity of Non-responsibility: If S is not responsible for E1, and E1 makes E2 physically necessary, then S is not responsible for E2.

7. The Libertarian Dilemma The Pure Chance Principle: If an event is undetermined, then no one is responsible for that event. Objection: Chancy causation The Transitivity of Non-responsibility: If S is not responsible for E1, and E1 makes E2 physically necessary, then S is not responsible for E2. Objection: Overdetermination

8. The Libertarian Dilemma The Necessity of Control for Freedom: S does A freely only if S has some control over A. The Libertarian Dilemma: How can our actions be controlled without being determined?