1. MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY EXPANSION (1848-1876) (MID-VICTORIAN EXPANSION)

2. Colonial Possessions 1815-1870

3. Queen Victoria (1819-1901) (r. 1837-1901)

4. Main developments Liberalism –Repeal of Corn Laws (1845), Navigation Laws.(1846) –End Monopolies (Levant Co. 1823, East India Co., 1838) –Repeal remaining duties (1860) Gold Discoveries –In the world: 1831-1840: 20,300 kg 1866-1870: 191,900 Railroads Until 1850: 23,000 miles 1850-1870: 100,000 new miles

5. Spread of Railways in Ten Selected Countries (Length of line open [in kilometers [1km = 5/8 mile]) 1840186018801900 Austria- Hungary 1444,54318,50736,330 Belgium3341,7304,1124,591 France4969,16723,08938,109 Germany46911,08933,83851,678 Great Britain 2,39014,60325,06030,079 Italy202,4049,29016,429 Netherlands173351,8462,776 Russia271,62622,86553,234 Spain-1,9177,49013,214 Sweden-5275,87611,303

6. Suez Canal, 1869

7. Gatling machine Gun 1861

8. Charles Darwin, 1809-1882 Karl Marx, 1818-1883

9. World integration (mid-19 th c) World Trade –1800-1830 grew by 30 percent –1840-1870 grew by 500 percent International Migration –1800-1840 1 million Europeans to the US –1840-1870 9 million Europeans to the US International Investment (British credits abroad) –By early 1840s £160 million –By early 1870s over £ 1 billion

10. Phileas Fogg’s route in Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne (1872) London-Brindisi-Suez: 7 days Suez-Bombay: 13 days Bombay-Calcutta: 3 days Calcutta-Hong Kong-Yokohama-San Francisco: 41 days San Francisco- New York: 7 days New York-Liverpool-London: 9 days