1. Biogeochemical cycles & global change

2. Despite uncertainties about details of human impact on global system, there are certainties! -Changes in the N cycle -Changes in atmospheric CO 2 -Changes in land use

3. Units appropriate for global-scale studies teragram = tg = 10 12 g petagram = pg = 10 15 g = 10 9 t = 1 gt

4. Humans have long sought to alter biogeochemistry. Sheep were used for this purpose in Medieval Europe.

5. Application of manure for over a period of centuries provided fertile lands at the expense of the rest of the landscape. Note the grass-dominated foreground.

6. Typical, nonfertilized Calluna heathland in The Netherlands. Photographed in 1977. Note bump of trees in background.

7. Repeat photograph in 1983 (six years later) with Calluna mostly gone. Note bump of trees in background.

8. Repeat photograph from 1987. Note bump of trees. Calluna entirely replaced by same grass as dominated on fertilized field.

9. The global hydrologic cycle is critical for understanding biogeochemistry because many elements move in water. Units = km 3

10. Units = teragrams

11. Global nitrate levels have increased over the last 40 years.

13. Changes in the global nitrogen cycle: Implications - In atmosphere NO 2  NO + O; O 2 + O  O 3 Various oxidants harm plant growth Could be responsible for tree mortality -Dysfunctional plant carbon allocation -NO 3 is a big component of acid rain, along with SO 4 Distribution – NW Europe, E North America Leaching of calcium from soils Death of lakes Al toxicity Appears to have killed thousands of lakes on granite areas Could have leaching effects on soils Could be major component in tree death - Altered community composition & loss of diversity

14. Experiments illustrate impact of nitrogen addition on community diversity.

15. Global carbon cycle – Humans are increasing global CO2

17. Human activity has increased atmospheric CO2 from ~280 to ~360 ppm since 1800.

19. Current high CO 2 levels are unique in the last 160,000 years

21. The increase in atmospheric CO 2 is derived from fossil fuels (the primary source of carbon low in 14 C).

22. FF(6) + Veg (0.9) = Atm(3.2) + Ocean(2.0) + Unk(1.7) [PgC/yr]

23. Global warming is real. The most recent years have been higher than any shown on the graph.

24. Consequences of increased CO 2 Some extreme projections show increase in temp by 5 C by 2100, with some melting of polar ice, increase in sea level by 6-8m, and increased droughts in central US, Eastern Europe, and adjacent Asia. What is certain is that we should be cautious. Do not know what we are getting in for. - Change in rain & temp - Change in sea level - Change in species distributions - Rapid migration in a fragmented landscape

27. Increases contribute to acid rain.

29. Sodium pool sizes and transfers Na into sea during 500 million yrs = 119.4 x 10 15 t Current dissolved Na = 14.1 Deep sea sediments = 5.1 Sub ocean sediments = 5.4 old sedimentary rocks = 2.6 Rock salt reserves = 0.4 Total = 27.6 75% of 119.4 is missing

30. Land Use Changes Total Terrestrial Photosynthesis 122 pg/yr NPP used by humans Consumed by people0.8 Consumed by domestic animals2.2 Wood used2.4 Total5.2 (4%) NPP dominated by humans, but not used Croplands, converted pastures Plantations, land clearing Total41 (31%) NPP lost to human activity Decreased NPP of cropland vs natural10 Desertification4.5 Occupied2.6 Total17 (8%)

33. Summary Points - 1 - Humans have significantly altered global biogeochemical cycles. - Nitrogen fixation has been more than doubled by human activities. Negative impacts of enhanced atmospheric nitrogen deposition include acid precipitation, global warming, lake acidification, alteration in carbon allocation in plants, change in community composition, and loss of biodiversity. - Atmospheric CO2 has increased from 280 ppm to 360 ppm over the last 200 years. Much of this increase is attributable to burning of fossil fuels. The increase in CO2 is causing an increase in global temperatures.

34. Summary Points - 2 - Phosphorus mining has resulted in increases in phosphorus export in world rivers by a factor of two. - Ratios of elements in the oceans do not match the ratios in stream water flowing into the oceans. To understand the differences it is necessary to consider, among other factors, the rates of deposition in sediments, movement as aerosols back to land, and movement and erosion of rock. -Approximately 40% of the potential net primary photosynthesis of the earth is now within human dominated ecosystems systems.