1. Remote Sensing of the Ocean and Atmosphere: John L. Wilkin Orbits and Measurement Geometry (1) jwilkin@rutgers.edu IMCS Building Room 214C 609-630-0559 (g-voice)

2. The flow of information from land or sea surface to satellite to user depends on features of the land/ocean phenomena, the observing system, and the intervening atmosphere. (1) Ocean phenomena: color, temperature, roughness, height (2) Water leaving signal: WLR can depend on relative position of sun and satellite, time of day, emissivity, reflectance (3) Sensor: the data is a measurement or image (4) resolution: FOV, aperture, scan geometry can depend on satellite trajectory and altitude (orbit), pointing (5) Geolocation: position, time, pointing. Orbit affects repeat sample interval (6) Position of the satellite, or range to target may be the actual data.

3. 1.Planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun as one focus 2.the radius vector from the sun to the planet sweeps out equals areas in equal times 3.T 2 : R 3 ratio is constant for all planets, where T is orbital period and R is semi- major axis of the orbit Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer

4. 1.Newton discovered the laws of gravitation and explained planetary and satellite orbits in terms of the balance of forces: 2.Centripetal acceleration 3.Gravity Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, theologian)

5. Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass. This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight. There is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.

6. Nov 5, 2007 view from Space Shuttle Epoch (UTC):10:07:53 AM, Monday, January 28, 2008 Eccentricity:0.0005362 Inclination: 51.6418° Perigee Height:334 km Apogee Height:341 km Right Ascension of Ascending Node: 22.2238° Orbit Number at Epoch:52631 Revolutions per Day:15.77540422

7. v1v1 -v 1 Δv v2v2 v2v2 Δθ Δs = rΔθ change in velocity (acceleration) is perpendicular to the direction of travel

9. Stewart, R. H., 1985, Methods of Satellite Oceanography, University of California Press, 360 pp.

10. x-axis

11. Right ascension - declination coordinate system First Point of Aries: One of the two points on the Celestial Sphere where the Ecliptic and the Celestial Equator cross one another. Ecliptic: An imaginary line that approximates the plane in which the planets (other than Pluto) orbit the Sun. From the perspective of an observer on Earth, the planets and the Sun will always remain close to this line. When the Sun reaches the First Point of Aries, as it does once each year, an equinox occurs. (Northern hemisphere Vernal Equinox) The First Point of Aries, which is actually in Pisces, defines the zero-point for Right Ascension. Right ascension: the celestial equivalent of longitude (starting at the First Point of Aries) Declination: the celestial equivalent of latitude The celestial north pole is at declination +90

12. http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/elements See graphics of orbital elements and data for ISS

13. Jason-1 launch from Vandenburg Air Force Base, California Orbit: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-1/orbit/index.html http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/current-missions/jason-1/orbit/index.html Launch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4WHOSF2Ktghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4WHOSF2Ktg Topex/Poseidon launched with Ariane rocket http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/tiffs/videos/launch.mov Pegasus vehicle aircraft launch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRHiTvRHHd8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRHiTvRHHd8 Other launches: Delta-II (Themis): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_pAhPecto0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_pAhPecto0 Ariane launch failure: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYUrqdUyEpI Jason-2 OSTM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cf0loVEs_lo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cf0loVEs_lo

14. OSTM / Jason-2 Boost Profile Space craft separation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aBpcCVljt4

15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohmann_transfer Maneuver to different inclination Hohmann Transfer

16. On Jan 11, 2007, China tested an antisatellite rocket. The initial collision added 800 to 1000 pieces of space junk to the current total of detectable objects. Kessler, D. J., and Burton G. Cour-Palais. "Collision frequency of artificial satellites – The creation of a debris belt." Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 83 (June 1978): 2637-2646. Collisions between existing debris generate additional pieces of debris. There is concern that eventually a chain reaction will ensue (the Kessler syndrome) littering the low earth orbit (LEO) with debris making it almost impenetrable to new satellite launches for fear of collision. How many detectable objects (> 4 inches) are in orbit? http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/science/space/06orbi.html?emc=eta1 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/science/20070206_ORBIT_GRAPHIC.html

17. http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/elements See graphics of orbital elements and data for ISS

18. ostm-topex-5days-orbit animation

20. SeaWiFS daily coverage seawifs_daily_coverage animation Is this orbit prograde or retrograde?

21. Terra satellite, MODIS instrument, coverage of all instrument swaths during a single day ( 01/28/2006 )

22. Jason altimeter satellite Equatorial separation of Jason groundtracks is 315 km ENVISAT 35-day repeat

23. Sidereal day = time it takes for Earth to rotate through 360 o This is slightly shorter than a solar day (24 hours) There are 365.25 solar days in a year but 366.25 sidereal days Sidereal day = 365.25/366.25*24 = 23.93 hours sidereal solar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time

25. Scan geometry zenith angle w.r.t. satellite nadir look angle and solar zenith angle w.r.t local vertical Fixed solid angle Field of View (FOV) such as for an optical lens, gives elliptical footprint off-nadir and varying spatial resolution in the scan

30. View satellite orbits and ground tracks at: http://science.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/Spacecraft.html

31. Internet resources on orbits and satellites http://science.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/Spacecraft.html Shows ground tracks and 3-D orbits for all satelliteshttp://science.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/Spacecraft.html –Notice the clusters of satellites in the major categories or orbits Geostationary Polar orbiting (NOAA, Topex, ERS, Envisat) Low Earth orbit (Iridium, HST, ISS) GPS –Unusual orbits (especially ground track) Chandra IMAGE CRRES (in a geosynchronous transfer orbit) http://heavens-above.com Shows predicted orbits and visibility magnitudes and star charts of pass trajectories for all satelliteshttp://heavens-above.com –See Homework 1 http://tinyurl.com/11-670-451-homework-1 http://tinyurl.com/11-670-451-homework-1 http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/elements –See graphics of orbital elements and data for ISS Real-time satellite tracking at http://www.n2yo.comhttp://www.n2yo.com