1. Algorithm Programming 1 89-210 Java Reflection Mechanism Bar-Ilan University 2006-2007 תשס"ז Moshe Fresko

2. RTTI  RTTI : Run-time type identification It lets you find the exact type of an object when you have only a reference to the base type “Traditional” RTTI : Assumes that you have all the types available at compile time and run time “Reflection” mechanism : Allows you to discover class information solely at run time.

3. RTTI – Example in Polymorphism

4. RTTI - Example class Shape { void draw() { System.out.println(this+".draw()"); } } class Circle extends Shape { public String toString() { return "Circle"; } } class Square extends Shape { public String toString() { return "Square"; } } class Triangle extends Shape { public String toString() { return "Triangle"; } } public class Shapes { public static void main(String[] args) { Object[] shapeList = { new Circle(), new Square(), new Triangle() } ; for(int i = 0; i < shapeList.length; i++) ((Shape)shapeList[i]).draw(); } }

5. “Class” class  The RTTI information is kept in a special object of class “Class”.  For each new class in a program a “Class” object is created.  Dynamic loading of classes creates a new “Class” object.

6. Class.forName(…) class Candy { static { System.out.println("Loading Candy"); } } class Gum { static { System.out.println("Loading Gum"); } } class Cookie { static { System.out.println("Loading Cookie"); } } public class SweetShop { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("inside main"); new Candy(); System.out.println("After creating Candy"); try { Class.forName("Gum"); } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("Couldn't find Gum"); } System.out.println("After Class.forName('Gum')"); new Cookie(); System.out.println("After creating Cookie"); } >java SweetShop inside main Loading Candy After creating Candy Loading Gum After Class.forName(‘Gum’) Loading Cookie After creating Cookie

7. Casting  Type checking on Run time Classic cast can throw ClassCastException “Class” object can be queried for inheritance information “instanceof” keyword Example: if(x instanceof Dog) ((Dog)x).bark();

8. Creating Instances import java.util.*; class Pet {}class Dog extends Pet {} class Pug extends Dog {}class Cat extends Pet {} class Rodent extends Pet {}class Gerbil extends Rodent {} class Hamster extends Rodent {} public class PetInfo { static Random rand = new Random(); static String[] typenames = { "Pet", "Dog", "Pug", "Cat", "Rodent", "Gerbil", "Hamster" } ; public static void main(String[] args) { Object[] pets = new Object[10]; try { Class[] petTypes = { Class.forName("Dog"), Class.forName("Pug"), Class.forName("Cat"), Class.forName("Rodent"), Class.forName("Gerbil"), Class.forName("Hamster") }; for(int i = 0; i < pets.length; i++) pets[i] = petTypes[rand.nextInt(petTypes.length)].newInstance(); } catch(InstantiationException e) { System.out.println("Cannot instantiate"); System.exit(1); } catch(IllegalAccessException e) { System.out.println("Cannot access"); System.exit(1); } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("Cannot find class"); System.exit(1); } for(int i = 0; i < pets.length; i++) System.out.println(pets[i].getClass()); } >java PetInfo class Hamster class Gerbil class Cat class Pug class Rodent class Hamster class Dog class Pug class Hamster

9. “Class” information  These two statements can bring the “Class” information. 1. Class c = Class.forName(“Dog”) ; 2. Class c = Dog.class ; The first one throws ClassNotFoundException

10. Class Instance Of … class Base {} class Derived extends Base {} public class FamilyVsExactType { static void test(Object x) { System.out.println("Testing x of type " + x.getClass()); System.out.println("x instanceof Base " + (x instanceof Base)); System.out.println("x instanceof Derived " + (x instanceof Derived)); System.out.println("Base.isInstance(x) " + Base.class.isInstance(x)); System.out.println("Derived.isInstance(x) " + Derived.class.isInstance(x)); System.out.println("x.getClass() == Base.class " + (x.getClass() == Base.class)); System.out.println("x.getClass() == Derived.class " + (x.getClass() == Derived.class)); System.out.println("x.getClass().equals(Base.class)) "+ (x.getClass().equals(Base.class))); System.out.println("x.getClass().equals(Derived.class)) " + (x.getClass().equals(Derived.class))); } public static void main(String[] args) { test(new Base()); test(new Derived()); } >java FamilyVsExactType Testing x of type class Base x instanceof Base true x instanceof Derived false Base.isInstance(x) true Derived.isInstance(x) false x.getClass() == Base.class true x.getClass() == Derived.class false x.getClass().equals(Base.class)) true x.getClass().equals(Derived.class)) false Testing x of type class Derived x instanceof Base true x instanceof Derived true Base.isInstance(x) true Derived.isInstance(x) true x.getClass() == Base.class false x.getClass() == Derived.class true x.getClass().equals(Base.class)) false x.getClass().equals(Derived.class)) true

11. RTTI syntax interface HasBatteries {} interface Waterproof {} interface Shoots {} class Toy { Toy() {} Toy(int i) {} } class FancyToy extends Toy implements HasBatteries, Waterproof, Shoots { FancyToy() { super(1); } } public class ToyTest { static void printInfo(Class cc) { System.out.println("Class: " + cc.getName() + " is interface? “ + cc.isInterface() ); } public static void main(String[] args) { Class c = null; try { c = Class.forName("FancyToy"); } catch(ClassNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("Can't find FancyToy"); System.exit(1); } printInfo(c); Class[] faces = c.getInterfaces(); for(int i = 0; i < faces.length; i++) printInfo(faces[i]); Class cy = c.getSuperclass(); Object o = null; try { o = cy.newInstance(); // Requires default constructor: } catch(InstantiationException e) { System.out.println("Cannot instantiate"); System.exit(1); } catch(IllegalAccessException e) { System.out.println("Cannot access"); System.exit(1); } printInfo(o.getClass()); } >java ToyTest Class: FancyToy is interface? false Class: HasBatteries is interface? true Class: Waterproof is interface? true Class: Shoots is interface? true Class: Toy is interface? false

12. Reflection mechanism  With “RTTI” we can access class information that is known at compile time.  With “Reflection” we can access classes that was not known previously to compiler.  “Class” supports reflection  java.lang.reflect.* : “Member” interface “Field” class “Method” class “Constructor” class

13. Reflection  Retrieving class objects Class c1 = myinst.getClass() ; Class c2 = c1.getSuperclass() ;// can return null Class c3 = Button.class ; Class c4 = Class.forName(mystring) ;  Getting the class name String s = c1.getName() ;  Getting the class modifiers int m = c1.getModifiers() ; bool isPublic = Modifier.isPublic(m) ; bool isAbstract = Modifier.isAbstract(m) ; bool isFinal = Modifier.isFinal(m) ;

14. Reflection  Getting the interfaces implemented by a class Class c = myinst.getClass() ; Class [ ] itfs = c.getInterfaces() ;  Examining interfaces bool isInterface = myClass.isInterface() ;  Identifying class fields Field [ ] publicFields = c.getFields() ; for (int i=0;i<publicFields.length;++i) { String fieldName = publicFields[i].getName() ; Class typeClass = publicFields[i].getType() ; … }

15. Reflection  Discovering Class Constructors Class c = myinst.getClass() ; Constructor [ ] ctors = c.getConstructors() ; for (int i=0;i<ctors.length;++i) { Class [ ] params = ctors[i].getParameterTypes() ; for (int k=0;k<params.length;++k) { String paramType = params[k].getName() ; … }

16. Reflection  Getting Method Information Class c = myinst.getClass() ; Method [ ] ms = c.getMethods() ; for (int i=0;i<ms.length;++i) { String mname = ms[i].getName() ; Class retType = ms[i].getReturnType() ; Class[] params = ms[i].getParameterTypes() ; for (int k=0;k<params.length;++k) { String paramType = params[k].getName() ; … }

17. Reflection – Creating Objects  Using Default Constructors Class c = Class.forName(“java.awt.Rectangle”) ; Rectangle r = (Rectangle) c.newInstance() ;  Using Constructors with Arguments Class c = Class.forName(“java.awt.Rectangle”) ; Class[] intArgsClass = new Class[]{ int.class, int.class } ; Object[] intArgs = new Object[]{new Integer(12),new Integer(24)} ; Constructor ctor = c.getConstructor(intArgsClass) ; Rectangle r = (Rectangle) ctor.newInstance(intArgs) ;

18. Reflection – Accessing Fields  Getting Field Values Rectangle r = new Rectangle(12,24) ; Class c = r.getClass() ; Field f = c.getField(“height”) ; Integer h = (Integer) f.get(r) ;  Setting Field Values Rectangle r = new Rectangle(12,24) ; Class c = r.getClass() ; Field f = c.getField(“width”) ; f.set(r,new Integer(30)) ;

19. Reflection – Invoking Methods String s1 = “Hello ” ; String s2 = “World” ; Class c = String.class ; Class[] paramtypes = new Class[] { String.class } ; Object[] args = new Object[] { s2 } ; Method concatMethod = c.getMethod(“concat”,paramtypes) ; String result = (String) concatMethod.invoke(s1,args) ;

20. Tips  Don’t use the reflection API when other tools more natural to Java are enough for a specific problem. It is easier to debug and maintain a program if you don’t use Reflection objects.