1. A Preview of Recent Land Cover Mapping for Connecticut James D. Hurd Jason Parent, Anna Chabaeva and Daniel Civco Center for Land use Education And Research (CLEAR) Department of Natural Resources Management & Engineering The University of Connecticut U-4087, Room 308, 1376 Storrs Road Storrs, CT 06269-4087 James D. Hurd Jason Parent, Anna Chabaeva and Daniel Civco Center for Land use Education And Research (CLEAR) Department of Natural Resources Management & Engineering The University of Connecticut U-4087, Room 308, 1376 Storrs Road Storrs, CT 06269-4087

2. The Center for Landuse Education And Research (CLEAR) clear.uconn.edu Established April, 2002

3. The Center for Landuse Education And Research (CLEAR) clear.uconn.edu Established April, 2002 CLEAR conducts remote sensing research, develops analysis tools and training programs, delivers outreach educational programs.

4. The Center for Landuse Education And Research (CLEAR) To provide information, education and assistance to land use decision makers, in support of balancing growth and natural resource protection. clear.uconn.edu NEMO LERIS GVI Forestry National NEMO Network GTP

5. Connecticut’s Changing Landscape What is Connecticut’s Changing Landscape (CCL)? - An ongoing project that tracks land cover changes in Connecticut’s landscape over time. - Uses Landsat Satellite imagery to derive a consistent set of land cover maps. - Currently nearing completion of a 2006 update. - With the update, will consist of 5 dates of land cover (1985, 1990, 1995, 2002, 2006) consisting of 12 land cover categories. - Also includes products derived from land cover: forest fragmentation, urban growth, impervious surfaces.

6. Connecticut’s Changing Landscape Land Cover and Land Cover Change Urban Growth Impervious Surfaces Forest Fragmentation clear.uconn.edu clear.uconn.edu/ccl.htm

7. Land Cover and Land Cover Change

8. Why Land Cover? - Land Cover is the basis for understanding our landscape. What is where? - Multiple dates of land cover are necessary to understand the nature of landscape change. What did it change to? - Many landscape models require land cover information.

9. You can measure & analyze this This is a picture 33% developed 46% forest 5% water Image to Map Landsat Satellite Image Land Cover Map

10. Landsat 100 foot spatial resolution NAIP 3 foot spatial resolution Image Comparison Both images collected late summer 2006

11. Connecticut’s Changing Landscape 1985 1995 1990 2002

12. Connecticut’s Changing Landscape 2006 Land CoverDeveloped Turf & Grass Other Grasses Agriculture Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Water Forest Wetland Non-forested Wetland Tidal Wetland Barren Utility Right-of-way

13. Developed Turf & Grass Other Grasses Agriculture Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Water Forest Wetland Non-forested Wetland Tidal Wetland Barren Utility Right-of-way Connecticut’s Changing Landscape 1985 Land Cover

14. Developed Turf & Grass Other Grasses Agriculture Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Water Forest Wetland Non-forested Wetland Tidal Wetland Barren Utility Right-of-way Connecticut’s Changing Landscape 1990 Land Cover

15. Developed Turf & Grass Other Grasses Agriculture Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Water Forest Wetland Non-forested Wetland Tidal Wetland Barren Utility Right-of-way Connecticut’s Changing Landscape 1995 Land Cover

16. Developed Turf & Grass Other Grasses Agriculture Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Water Forest Wetland Non-forested Wetland Tidal Wetland Barren Utility Right-of-way Connecticut’s Changing Landscape 2002 Land Cover

17. Developed Turf & Grass Other Grasses Agriculture Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Water Forest Wetland Non-forested Wetland Tidal Wetland Barren Utility Right-of-way Connecticut’s Changing Landscape 2006 Land Cover

18. Increase In Development Developed 1985-1990 Turf & Grass 1985-1990 Developed 1990-1995 Turf & Grass 1990-1995 Developed 1995-2002 Turf & Grass 1995-2002 Developed 2002-2006 Turf & Grass 2002-2006 1985 to 2006Developed Turf & Grass Water Undeveloped No Change Change to Developed

19. Change In Agriculture 1985 to 2006 Agriculture to Developed/Turf & Grass Agriculture to Other Grasses New Agriculture Developed Turf & Grass Agriculture Water Undeveloped Change in Agriculture No Change

20. Agriculture and Forest Loss 1985 to 2006 Lost Agriculture Lost Forest Other Non-developed Change DevelopedWater Undeveloped Change Classes No Change Classes

21. 1985 Area 1990 Area 1995 Area 2002 Area 2006 Area 1985-2006 Change (sq. miles) (%) Developed 812.09875.23897.59933.11949.24137.1516.89 Turf & Grass 276.68280.49289.16296.59310.4433.7612.20 Other Grass 45.2369.2586.12103.97109.1563.92141.33 Agriculture 465.91436.75424.45412.86409.18-56.73-12.18 Deciduous Forest 2,470.082,409.532,373.372,327.542,298.20-171.88-6.96 Coniferous Forest 460.71455.23451.52446.37442.13-18.58-4.03 Water 174.33171.89167.36159.87158.22-16.11-9.24 Non-forest Wetland 11.6118.1720.0723.4925.6214.00120.61 Forested Wetland 186.00179.09175.68174.23171.43-14.57-7.83 Tidal Wetland 23.1323.5123.5823.8823.430.311.33 Barren 33.9340.8151.0358.1762.9929.0585.61 Utility ROWs 15.3515.1015.1314.9815.04-0.31-2.01 Connecticut’s Changing Landscape

22. Connecticut’s Changing Landscape Tracking Change R 2 = 0.9722 R 2 = - 0.9821 R 2 = - 0.8956 FOREST = deciduous, coniferous, forested wetland DEVELOPED = developed, turf & grass AGRICULTURE = agriculture

23. Forest Fragmentation Analysis

24. Forest Fragmentation Old Method: Image ConvolutionNew Method: Morphological Image Processing = SE1 = SE2 erosion operator, dilation operator (shrink forest) (expand forest) = calculate Pf and Pff

25. Core Forest – All pixels in SE1 are forest. Analysis applied to the center forest pixel Patch Forest – Forest pixels that are isolated from core forest pixels (uses SE2 with repeated dilations). Forest Fragmentation Edge Forest – forest pixels on the edge of large non-forested features (uses SE1 on non-forest pixels with repeated dilations). Perforated Forest – forest pixels surrounding smallnon-forested features (remaining unlabeled forest pixels).

26. 1985

27. 1990

28. 1995

29. 2002

30. 2006

31. Connecticut Forest Fragmentation 1985 Area 1990 Area 1995 Area 2002 Area 2006 Area 1985-2006 Change (sq. miles) (%) Patch Forest 74.0473.6674.6675.5876.702.663.59 Perforated Forest 105.19113.90125.54136.68144.7139.5237.57 Edge Forest 683.23689.16694.68704.87712.0228.784.21 Core Forest 2,267.932,167.282,105.872,031.111,975.02-292.92-12.92

32. Urban Growth Analysis

33. Urban Growth Metrics Derivation Manifestation metrics based on the “urbanness” of the neighboring area  Urbanness = % of pixels in neighborhood that are built-up  The neighborhood is a 1 km 2 circle centered on each pixel 252 pixels = 0.2 km 2 Urbanness = 0.2 / 1 = 20%

34. Urban Growth Metrics Definitions Built-up (developed pixels) > 50% urban 30 to 50% urban < 30% urban Largest contiguous group of pixels All other groups Linear semi- contiguous groups approx. 100 meters wide Main core Secondary core FringeRibbonScatter All other groups

35. Landsat image Built-up area (impervious surfaces) Open space (OS) (non-developed pixels) Urbanized OS (> 50 % built-up) Urbanized area Urban footprint Peripheral OS (< 100 m from built-up) Urban Growth Metrics Definitions

36. Urban Growth Analysis Urban Core Urban Fringe Urban Scatter Urbanized Open Space Interior Urbanized OS Peripheral Open Space Core Open Space Water Excess Slope 1985 Urban Landscape

37. 1985

38. 1990

39. 1995

40. 2002

41. 2006

42. URBAN FOOTPRINT = all built-up pixels (urban core, urban fringe, urban scatter) and urbanized open space pixels (urbanized open space, interior urbanized open space, peripheral open space). Urban Growth Analysis

43. 1985

44. 1990

45. 1995

46. 2002

47. 2006

48. ► Development occurring between time periods T 1 and T 2 ► Classification based on location relative to the T 1 urban area  Infill: new development occurring within the T 1 urbanized open space  Extension: new non-infill development intersecting the T 1 urban footprint  Leapfrog: new development not intersecting the T 1 urban footprint Urban Growth Analysis

49. InfillExtension Leapfrog 1985 to 2006

50. ► Infill - development of a small area surrounded by existing developed land. ► Expansion - t he spread of development from existing developed areas. ► Outlying - characterized by a change from undeveloped to developed beyond existing developed areas.  Isolated – small developed area surrounded by undeveloped land.  Linear Branching – linear development  Clustered Branching – large cluster of developed pixels. Urban Growth Analysis

51. InfillExpansion Isolated Linear Clustered 1985 to 2006

52. Impervious Surface Estimation

53. Impervious Surfaces Estimation Regression analysis model based on the use of: Impervious surface coefficients for each land cover category. Population density within analysis unit being analyzed.

54. Impervious Surfaces Estimation CCL Sub-pixel Analysis CCL ISAT CCL ETIS

55. 2006 Impervious Surfaces 2000 Census Tracts 0% - 5% IS 5% - 10% IS 10% - 15% IS 15% - 20% IS 20% - 25% IS > 25% IS

56. 2006 Impervious Surfaces Local Watersheds 0% - 5% IS 5% - 10% IS 10% - 15% IS 15% - 20% IS 20% - 25% IS > 25% IS

57. In Summary

58. Summary The land cover products allow us to quantify land cover and land cover change in Connecticut over a 21 year period and allow us to visualize how we are impacting our landscape. The derived products provide us with various perspectives about the state of Connecticut’s landscape. Land Cover should be available online in the next month or so with the derived products following soon after.

59. CLEAR.uconn.edu

60. A Preview of Recent Land Cover Mapping for Connecticut James D. Hurd Jason Parent, Anna Chabaeva and Daniel Civco Center for Land use Education And Research (CLEAR) Department of Natural Resources Management & Engineering The University of Connecticut U-4087, Room 308, 1376 Storrs Road Storrs, CT 06269-4087 James D. Hurd Jason Parent, Anna Chabaeva and Daniel Civco Center for Land use Education And Research (CLEAR) Department of Natural Resources Management & Engineering The University of Connecticut U-4087, Room 308, 1376 Storrs Road Storrs, CT 06269-4087