1. Measuring Work Output From Anaerobic Weightlifting Designed, Built, and Tested by David Wolney Prof. Julie Ellis- Advisor Prof. Chris Scott- Client

2. Professor Chris Scott of the Department of Exercise, Health, and Sport Sciences needed a means of measuring work output done by a weightlifter. How much work am I doing? Prof. Scott hopes to find a correlation between work output and calories burned. Work Calories

3. Clarifying the problem: what, exactly is required for measurement Actual work done during a set is zero. Only positive displacement is counted. Force is the force required to overcome gravity and lift the weight. The average force during the lift is the force required to hold position, this is equal to the weight being lifted. The only required measurement is distance.

4. Using a digital rotary encoder to measure the cable travel Weight The Smith machine, like many weight machines, utilizes a cable that is attached to the moving weight. Pulley Counterweight Another pulley wheel with an encoder is attached to the machine to measure the cable travel

5. Rotary encoder theory of operation Radius=0.5 cm 3.14 cm (0.785 cm in this example) An encoder disk has alternating light and dark wedges and two photodetectors. This example disk has 4 light-dark transitions per revolution Left-US Digital Encoder, Above-signal from encoder; A and B are in quadrature. This arrangement allows for determination of direction as well as improved resolution

6. The Intel 8051 microcontroller provides the interface. The 8051’s serial port allows for detailed data of the lift on a PC The 8051 Development Board from PJRC works well in this application Counterweight Encoder Wheel Weight lifted The display gives the distance lifted in “clicks” Work Done: Lots of clicks The encoder wheel attaches to the Smith machine

7. The processor counts transitions Signal A is monitored for a high-low transition When A goes high, B is checked to determine direction Absolute count is incremented or decremented, as applicable Positive distance count is incremented if direction is up The absolute count is regularly sent to the serial port and the positive count is sent to the LCD display

8. A PC can collect the data from the serial port so that it can be processed 00000003 00000005 00000008 00000009 00000011 00000014 00000016 00000017 00000020 00000024 00000028 00000032 00000037 00000041 00000047 00000052 00000060 00000067 00000073 00000080 00000085 00000091 00000097 00000106 00000115 00000127 00000144 00000158 00000169 00000179 00000187 00000196 00000203 00000210 00000218 00000224 00000229 00000241 00000256 00000267 00000276 00000287 00000294 00000299 00000300 00000304 00000315 00000336 00000351 00000357 00000367 00000381 00000399 Raw data is collected. The data contains distances and, implicitly, time A detailed analysis of the lift can be done. Knowing distance, time, and weight allows determination of many different statistics of the lift. Work, power, velocity, acceleration and others can be calculated

9. The first prototype has been installed and some preliminary tests have been performed. Client Measuring Wheel Smith Machine Controller The wheel installed

10. Some refinements were necessitated by the preliminary tests. 8-bit counters free up the processor A keypad allows entry of weights Reading in “CLICKS” Prof. Scott prefers to have more information on the display of the device. He found the detailed computer analysis less useful for his purposes, so efforts were focused away from the computer interface

11. The revised system better fits the client’s needs. External 8-bit counters count the encoder clicks and free the processor for other tasks The display gives more information Work Done and Seconds Clock The encoder wheel attaches to the Smith machine The PC is treated as an optional component A keypad allows entry of weights