1. Inheritance

2. Extending Classes It’s possible to create a class by using another as a starting point  i.e. Start with the original class then add methods, change what methods do, etc. Allows reuse  Can extend a class in several ways for different purposes  … based on the same original code

3. 3 Inheritance Inheritance allows a software developer to derive a new class from an existing one The existing class is called the parent class, or superclass, or base class The derived class is called the child class or subclass As the name implies, the child inherits characteristics of the parent That is, the child class inherits the methods and data defined by the parent class

4. 4 Inheritance Inheritance relationships are shown in a UML class diagram using a solid arrow with an unfilled triangular arrowhead pointing to the parent class Vehicle Car Proper inheritance creates an is-a relationship, meaning the child is a more specific version of the parent

5. Example In the Blackjack design example, we had a Player class and a Dealer class  similar classes  each has a hand, takes turns,… We could define a parent class Person that can then be extended to create appropriate subclasses

6. Inheriting Suppose we have a simple class A class A { private int count; public int method() { return 1; } And we want to define an extended class B with another method…

7. Inheriting Now B can inherit A and add a new method: class B extends A { public int newMethod() { return 2; } B now has everything from the definitions of both A and B

8. Inheriting Using A and B: A myA = new A(); B myB = new B(); System.out.println(myA.method()); System.out.println(myB.method()); System.out.println(myB.newMethod()); Output: 112 An instance of B also has all members from A

9. Parents and Privacy Subclasses cannot access private members class B extends A {…. public void setCount(int count) { this.count = count; } ERROR: count is private in A… this is not A  Just like any other code – can’t access private members We don’t want count to be public…

10. The protected Modifier Encapsulation says that members should not be public… But we want access to inherited members New visibibility modifer: protected

11. The protected Modifier A protected variable can be accessed from all code in the same package It provides more encapsulation than public visibility, but is not as tightly encapsulated as private visibility Key point: Protected variables can be accessed from all subclasses of a given class In UML, use symbol # to mean protected

12. Example from Text Book # pages : int + pageMessage() : void Dictionary - definitions : int + definitionMessage() : void Words + main (args : String[]) : void

13. Constructors Constructors are not inherited, but can be added in the usual way: class A {… public A() { count = 1; } class B {… public B(int n) { setCount(n); }

14. The super Reference Sometimes, we want to access something in the super class For this, we use the super identifier Similar to this, the meaning of super depends on the context Using super gives access to the methods of the super class  This is particularly useful in constructors

15. The super Reference A child’s constructor is responsible for calling the parent’s constructor The first line of a child’s constructor should use the super reference to call the parent’s constructor  Why? To make sure the “parent-part” is initialized This happens whether you like it or not…  By default, super() is called automatically

16. Constructors (again) class A {… public A() { count = 1; } class B {… public B(int n) { setCount(n); }

17. Constructors (a more useful example) class A {… public A(int n) { count = n; } class B {… public B() { super(1); }

18. 18 Overriding Methods A child class can override the definition of an inherited method in favor of its own The new method must have the same signature as the parent's method, but can have a different body The type of the object executing the method determines which version of the method is invoked

19. Overriding Example class Bird { boolean flying; … void flapWings() { flying = true; }

20. Overriding Example class Penguin extends Bird {… void flapWings() { return; }

21. Accessing Parent Methods Sometimes you may want to access the definition of a method from the parent class You can use super to do this public void method(int x) { // can put extra stuff here super.method(x); }

22. 22 Overloading vs. Overriding Overloading deals with multiple methods with the same name in the same class, but with different signatures Overriding deals with two methods, one in a parent class and one in a child class, that have the same signature Overloading lets you define a similar operation in different ways for different parameters Overriding lets you define a similar operation in different ways for different object types

23. Single Inheritance Java supports single inheritance, meaning that a derived class can have only one parent class Java does not support multiple inheritance  e.g. a motorhome is a vehicle and a house We use interfaces to fake multiple inheritance

24. The Object Class Single inheritance means that we can think of all classes as a single family tree The built-in class Object is the root of this tree  A class that doesn’t explicitly extend anything has Object as its parent class  i.e. these are equivalent class Foo{…} & class Foo extends Object{…} Object contains some methods ( toString, equals ) that are used unless overridden

25. Built-in Classes It’s also possible to inherit from built-in classes  Even if you don’t know the original implementation, can still add new methods  e.g. list with extra data (ArrayList with additional instance variables); Scanner than can also read in a custom type; ….

26. When to Inherit Inheritance is a powerful tool in OO design  Easy reuse of code; works naturally with problems that have a hierarchy of objects Don’t confuse inheritance with aggregation  A should extend B only if “A is-a B” or “A is a more specific version of B” or “A can be subsituted for B”  … not just because you need to use the parts of B

27. Example: Shapes Suppose we want to represent a collection of shapes (in a drawing program)  square, rectangle, circle (maybe others later) All of these have some things in common  position: the x-y coordinates of the shape  getters and setters for the position  translate(x,y): move the shape by this much Create a class Shape that implements these

28. Example: Shapes Each of these will inherit Shape Rectangle  add instance variables height and width Square  inherit Rectangle and ensure height==width Circle  add radius, interpret position as the centre

29. Example: Shapes The class definitions:  class Shape {…}  class Rectangle extends Shape {…}  class Square extends Rectangle {…}  class Circle extends Shape {…} Note… this is not right:  class Rectangle extends Square {…} A square is a certain kind of rectangle, and this should be evident in your code

30. Example: Shapes (partial) UML

31. Abstract Classes Not every class can be instantiated  use reserved word abstract to indicate that a class cannot be instantiated  used for place-holders in hierarchy  make contain “abstract methods”  e.g. Shape Abstract classes are just for code reuse, and for designing a nice class hierarchy

32. Using final Methods may be marked final  public final myMethod(){…}  cannot be overridden  forces a method to have fixed behaviour Classes may be marked final  public final class MyClass {…}  cannot be inherited  forces all methods to have fixed behaviour