1. Raw Scores

2. Un-Grouped Frequency Distribution

3. Grouped Frequency Distribution

4. Percentile and Percentile Rank Percentile (P X ) or Percentile Point –The value on the measurement scale (at or) below which a specified percentage of the scores in the distribution fall. –Where x from P x is a percentage –Looking for a score (value) Percentile Rank (PR X ) –The percentage of scores with values (equal or) lower than the score in question. –Where x from PR x is a score (value) –Looking for a percentage

6. Table 3.7 (p. 46) Relative frequency, cumulative frequency, and cumulative percentage distributions… Class IntervalReal LimitsfCumulative fCumulative % 95 – 9994.5 – 99.5470100.00 90 – 9489.5 – 94.566694.29 85 – 8984.5 – 89.576085.71 80 – 8479.5 – 84.5105375.71 75 – 7974.5 – 79.5164361.43 70 – 7469.5 – 74.592738.57 65 – 6964.5 – 69.571825.71 60 – 6459.5 – 64.541115.71 55 – 5954.5 – 59.54710.00 50 – 5449.5 – 54.5234.29 45 – 4944.5 – 49.5111.43 Note. The Relative fs were removed from this table since they are not required to calculate percentiles and/or percentile ranks. Determine (compute) the 50 th Percentile (P 50 ) for the statistics exam scores.

7. Table 3.7 (p. 46) Relative frequency, cumulative frequency, and cumulative percentage distributions… Class IntervalReal LimitsfCumulative fCumulative % 95 – 9994.5 – 99.5470100.00 90 – 9489.5 – 94.566694.29 85 – 8984.5 – 89.576085.71 80 – 8479.5 – 84.5105375.71 75 – 7974.5 – 79.5164361.43 70 – 7469.5 – 74.592738.57 65 – 6964.5 – 69.571825.71 60 – 6459.5 – 64.541115.71 55 – 5954.5 – 59.54710.00 50 – 5449.5 – 54.5234.29 45 – 4944.5 – 49.5111.43 Note. The Relative fs were removed from this table since they are not required to calculate percentiles and/or percentile ranks. Determine (compute) the 20 th Percentile (P 20 ) for the statistics exam scores.

8. Table 3.7 (p. 46) Relative frequency, cumulative frequency, and cumulative percentage distributions… Class IntervalReal LimitsfCumulative fCumulative % 95 – 9994.5 – 99.5470100.00 90 – 9489.5 – 94.566694.29 85 – 8984.5 – 89.576085.71 80 – 8479.5 – 84.5105375.71 75 – 7974.5 – 79.5164361.43 70 – 7469.5 – 74.592738.57 65 – 6964.5 – 69.571825.71 60 – 6459.5 – 64.541115.71 55 – 5954.5 – 59.54710.00 50 – 5449.5 – 54.5234.29 45 – 4944.5 – 49.5111.43 Note. The Relative fs were removed from this table since they are not required to calculate percentiles and/or percentile ranks. Determine (compute) the 75 th Percentile (P 75 ) for the statistics exam scores.

9. Table 3.7 (p. 46) Relative frequency, cumulative frequency, and cumulative percentage distributions… Class IntervalReal LimitsfCumulative fCumulative % 95 – 9994.5 – 99.5470100.00 90 – 9489.5 – 94.566694.29 85 – 8984.5 – 89.576085.71 80 – 8479.5 – 84.5105375.71 75 – 7974.5 – 79.5164361.43 70 – 7469.5 – 74.592738.57 65 – 6964.5 – 69.571825.71 60 – 6459.5 – 64.541115.71 55 – 5954.5 – 59.54710.00 50 – 5449.5 – 54.5234.29 45 – 4944.5 – 49.5111.43 Note. The Relative fs were removed from this table since they are not required to calculate percentiles and/or percentile ranks. Determine (compute) the percentile rank (PR) for a score of 86.

10. Table 3.7 (p. 46) Relative frequency, cumulative frequency, and cumulative percentage distributions… Class IntervalReal LimitsfCumulative fCumulative % 95 – 9994.5 – 99.5470100.00 90 – 9489.5 – 94.566694.29 85 – 8984.5 – 89.576085.71 80 – 8479.5 – 84.5105375.71 75 – 7974.5 – 79.5164361.43 70 – 7469.5 – 74.592738.57 65 – 6964.5 – 69.571825.71 60 – 6459.5 – 64.541115.71 55 – 5954.5 – 59.54710.00 50 – 5449.5 – 54.5234.29 45 – 4944.5 – 49.5111.43 Note. The Relative fs were removed from this table since they are not required to calculate percentiles and/or percentile ranks. Determine (compute) the percentile rank (PR) for a score of 59.

11. Graphing Data Constructing a Graph

12. Distorting Data Through Graphing…

14. Frequency distributions of nominal or ordinal (categorical) data are customarily plotted using the bar graph.

15. Frequency distributions of interval or ratio (continuous) data are customarily plotted using the histogram.

18. SHAPES of Frequency Curves

19. StemLeaf 30 1 2 5 6 6 9 9 Given the following set of scores, determine the stem and leaf for the 30s: 10 31 25 35 30 39 45 36 36 68 39 32