1. CC3.32 Review for Final Exam part 1 ► This exam is cumulative and will including material from Minerals, Maps, Landforms (~50% of the questions) and the Fourth Dimension (~50% of questions). ► Once the final exam is finalized we will let you know the amount of questions (will be T/F and multiple choice). ► You will not be tested on material from Drowning of NY. ► In addition to the PowerPoint review I strongly urge you to review your graded assignments. ► Again the final will be on 05/20/09 3127N from 8:30pm-10:30pm ► You are responsible to bring a pen/pencil, calculator, ruler and string Cell phones are not permitted to be used during the exam for any reason!

2. Format of the Review ► This review will cover the material on the final exam. The slides will be similar to the previous reviews but focuses on what will be on the exam. ► Links are provided to guide you back to the website to accurately find the information discussed on the slide. ► If there is a problem with a slide or link please email me with the slide number and I will see what I can do to fix it! ► From all of us Good Luck and see you in 2 weeks!

3. Final Exam--Minerals ► KNOW THE DEFINITION OF A MINERAL AND A ROCK A MINERAL is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. A ROCK, by comparison, is an aggregate of minerals (and other debris such bones or shells) and need not have a specific chemical composition. ► Know the difference between a mineral, crystal and crystalline http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/crystals/crystals_def.html http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/crystals/crystals_cause.html

4. Final Exam--Minerals ► KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL. Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water. Density = Weight/Volume Record the weight of the specimen, in this case 155.8 grams.

5. Final Exam--Minerals The amount of water displaced: 20ml = 20cc (920-900) Divide 155.8g/20cc = 7.79 g/cc. So, the density of the minerals is 7.79g/cc. ► HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.

6. Final Review--Minerals ► Know and understand the properties which are most useful in mineral identification For Example: Hardness, Density, Streak, Color ► You’ll be ask to identify an unknown mineral using these properties which will be given to you in the test. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/mineral_invest_intro.html

7. In what general direction is the stream flowing? West to East (The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow) Final review--MAPS

8. Final Review--MAPS Distance Between 2 Points (MILES) What is the straight line distance between points Q and T? First: We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that 1.5 cm = 100 miles

9. Final Review—MAPS Distance Between 2 Points (MILES) What is the straight line distance between points Q and T? Second: We measure the distance between the two points and we get 8.5 cm. So, we want to find 8.5= x miles

10. Final Review—MAPS Distance Between 2 Points (MILES) Calculations Answer: The distance between pt Q and T is 567 miles.

11. Final Review—MAPS Gradient of a Steam What is the average gradient of the stream between points R and T? Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a string along the course of the river. Gradient= Difference in Elevation/ Horizontal Distance Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 Start Point: Q End Point: R

12. Final Review—MAPS Gradient of a Steam Measure the string and convert to miles (see calculations on left). 884 miles is your horizontal distance

13. Final Review—MAPS Gradient of a Steam Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 Start Point: Q End Point: R Then: Measure the heights of points R and T and find the difference between them which is 100ft. (R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft 500-400=100ft) 100ft is your Difference in Elevation Next: Label the contours taking into account the contour interval = 50 ft and the elevation of point Q = 583 ft

14. Final Review—MAPS Gradient of a Steam ► Remember: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED) divided by the horizontal distance (HD): To Calculate Gradient: (Using the numbers from the previous slides) ED (difference in elevation)= 100 feet HD (horizontal distance) = 884 miles 100 ft 884 miles = 0.11 feet/mile Gradient= ED = HD *Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)*

15. What is the elevation (in feet) of contour ‘d’? Answer: 400 ft Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Final Review—MAPS Labeling Contours You will be responsible to label all contours on a given map similar to this. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/contourmaps_menu.html

16. Final Review—MAPS Topographic Features Overhanging Cliff Gentle Slope-widely space contours Hill Steep Slope- narrow spaced contours Closed Depression Review topographic maps and what features you may find For ex. : isolated hill, closed depression, steep slope, gently sloping plain. (do not waste time memorizing obscure features. Focus on the ones mentioned above)

17. Describing the Landforms of the NYC Area http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/nyc_desc ribe/landform_describe2.html  Be sure to complete exercises and check your answers! Final Review-- Landforms

18. Review for Exam 2 Geology of New York City

19. Final Review-- Landforms Geologic Map Examine the geologic map shown above. The rectangles represent outcrops of bedrock. Assume that each of the individual formations maintains a more or less constant thickness throughout the region.

20. At drill hole E we hit Formation 1 At drill hole A we hit Formation 2 At drill hole D we hit what Formation?? Final Review-- Landforms Geologic Map **Please keep in mind you must be consistent with the thicknesses of the beds as you draw your line connecting Formations.

21.  A hypothesis, by definition, is neither right nor wrong, it's simply an untested explanation.  A hypothesis that survives the scrutiny of proper testing is then known as a theory or a model (not a proven fact). Final Review--Scientific Method http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/nyc_mins2/hyp_choose.ht ml Review the page http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/nyc_mins2/meth_rollover. html Review “method in action” Focus on what makes the scientific method “most convincing”, difference between hypothesis and theory and the definitions listed above. There are only 3 questions on this topic….

22. THE HYPOTHESIS OF DEPOSITION http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/nyc_mins2/deposit_data.html  Review print-out H-4 (focusing on “characteristics of depositional material”) Well sorted vs. Poorly sorted deposits Review for Exam 2 Deposition

23. Final Review-- Glaciers Understand what the glacial theory is and how it is relevant to the NYC region. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/nyc_mins2/ nyc_conclusions_menu.html  Focus on “The Issues  Be able to answer why geologists may call something a “theory” INSTEAD of just a “hypothesis” http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/nyc_mins2/ glacier_rollover.html http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/nyc_mins2/ glacial_form.html  Review worksheet Q-12

24. Final Review-- Glaciers A mere 15,000 years ago, during the Ice Age, most of northern North America lay under the grip of colossal ice sheets. The effects of the advancing and retreating glaciers can be seen in the headlands of Cape Cod, the Finger Lakes of New York, and the hills of Michigan.

25. Final Review– Glaciers Grooves and striations that show a proof for the passage of a glacier.