1. Chapter 6 Modular Programming Dr. J.-Y. Pan Dept. Comm. Eng. Nat. Chung Cheng Univ. http://ant.comm.ccu.edu.tw jypan@comm.ccu.edu.tw

2. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-2 本章重點  Pointer  Name scope  Testing skill

3. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-3 6.1 Function With Output Parameter  Argument lists provide the communication links between the main function and its function subprograms.  Arguments enable a function to manipulate different data each time it is called.  When a function call executes, the computer allocates memory space in the function data area for each formal parameter. The value of each actual parameter is stored in the memory cell allocated to its corresponding formal parameter.

4. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-4 Figure 6.1 Function separate

5. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-5 Pointer A memory cell whose content is the address of another memory cell Fig 1.4 Fig 3.15 Actual & Formal

6. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-6  If a reference x is of type “whatever-type”, the reference &x is of type “pointer to whatever-type,” that is, “whatever-type *.”

7. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-7 Figure 6.5 Comparison of Direct and Indirect Reference

8. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-8 6.1 (cont) Meaning of * Symbol  Three distinct meanings of the symbol *  Multiplication  3 * x + 4 (expression)  Part of the names of the parameters’ data types  pointer to  char *signp; (declaration)  Unary indirection operator  follow the pointer  *signp = ‘+’; (execution statement)

9. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-9 6.2 Multiple Calls to a Function with Input/Output Parameters  sort  A rearrangement of data in a particular sequence (increasing or decreasing)  Example 6.2  The main function in Fig. 6.6 gets three data values and rearranges the data in increasing sequence.

10. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-10 Figure 6.6 Program to Sort Three Numbers

11. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-11 Figure 6.6 Program to Sort Three Numbers (cont’d) Comparing to p.164, Fig 4.5

12. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-12 6.2 (cont) Trace of Program to Sort Three Numbers Statementnum1num2num3Effect scanf(“...”, &num1, &num2, &num3); 7.59.65.5Enter data Order(&num1, &num2);No change Order(&num1, &num3);5.59.67.5Switch Order(&num2, &num3);5.57.59.6Switch printf(“...”, num1, num2, num3) Display

13. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-13 Figure 6.7 Data Areas After temp = *smp; During Call order(&num1, &num3);

14. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-14 Program Style  Functions that return a single value are the easiest functions for a program reader to deal with.  If a function subprogram has a meaningful name, the reader can often get a good idea of what is happening in the calling function.

15. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-15 6.3 Scope of Names  The scope of a name refers to the region of a program where a particular meaning of a name is visible or can be referenced.  Name is defined as constant macros and their scope begins at their definition and continues to the end of the source file.

16. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-16 Figure 6.8 Outline of Program for Studying Scope of Names

17. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-17 Scope of Names Use in Fig. 6.8

18. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-18 6.4 Formal Output Parameters as Actual Arguments  Fig. 6.9 shows a function that scans a data line representing a common fraction of the form  numerator / denominator  Numerator is an integer  Denominator is a positive integer  Figure 6.10 shows the data areas for scan_fraction and the function calling it.

19. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-19 Figure 6.9 Function scan_fraction nump &slash denomp Driver: Fig 6.15

20. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-20 Figure 6.10 Data Areas for scan_fraction and Its Caller scanf()

21. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-21 6.5 A Program with Multiple Functions CASE STUDY Arithmetic with Common Fractions

22. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-22

23. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-23 6.5 (cont) Case Study: Arithmetic with Common Fractions  Design  Initial Algorithm  1.Repeat as log as user wants to continue  2. Get a fraction problem  3. Compute the result  4. Display problem and result  5. Check if user wants to continue  Refinement  2.1 Get first fraction  2.2 Get operator  2.3 Get second fraction

24. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-24 6.5 (cont) Case Study: Arithmetic with Common Fractions  Design  Refinement  3.1 Select a task based on operator  3.1.2 Add the fractions  3.1.3 Add the first fraction and the negation of the second  3.1.4 Multiply the fractions  3.1.5 Multiply the first fraction and the reciprocal of the second  3.2 Put the result fraction in reduced form

25. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-25 6.5 (cont) Case Study: Arithmetic with Common Fractions  Design  Refinement of 3.2  3.2.1 Find the greatest common divisor (gcd) of the numerator and denominator  3.2.2 Divide the numerator and denominator by the gcd  Fig. 6.11 shows the data flow among the steps

26. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-26 Figure 6.11 Structure Chart for Common Fraction Problem Fig 6.9 HW5

27. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-27 6.5 (cont) Case Study: Arithmetic with Common Fractions  Implementation (Figure 6.12)  stub  A skeleton function that consists of a header and statements that display trace messages and assign values to output parameters  Enables testing of the flow of control among functions before this function is completed  multiply_fractions and find_gcd use stubs

28. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-28 Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions 直接看程式 …

29. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-29 Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

30. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-30 Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

31. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-31 Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

32. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-32 Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

33. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-33 Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

34. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-34 Figure 6.13 Sample Run of a Partially Complete Program Containing Stubs

35. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-35  Testing (Figure 6.13)  Insert a stub for each function not yet completed  Each stub prints an identification message and assigns values to its output parameters

36. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-36 6.6 Debugging and Testing a Program System  The number of statements in a program system grows, the possibility of error also increases.  keep each function to a manageable size  Top-down testing  the process of testing flow of control between a main function and its subordinate functions  Bottom-up testing  The process of separately testing individual functions of a program system  Unit test  A test of an individual function  System integration tests  Testing a system after replacing all its stubs with functions that have been pretested

37. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-37 Figure 6.15 Driver for Function scan_fraction  Driver  A short function written to test another function by defining its arguments, calling it, and displaying its result.

38. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-38 6.6 (cont) Debugging Tips for Program Systems  Carefully document each function parameter and local variable using comments.  Create a trace of execution by displaying names  Trace or display the values of all input and input/output parameters  Trace or display the values of all function outputs after returning from a function  Make sure that a function stub assigns a value to the variable pointed to by each output parameter  Use “step into” and “step over” in debugger

39. 中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab 3-39 6.7 Common Programming Errors  N O T  Beware of name scope and life time  Is there any identifier referenced outside its scope?  Does the identifier refer to what you want to?  …