1. Chapter 2(a) Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–2 Figure 2.4: A representation of some of Gay-Lussac's experimental results on combining gas volumes.

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–3 Figure 2.5: A representation of combining gases at the molecular level. The spheres represent atoms in the molecules.

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–4 Figure 2.7: A cathode-ray tube. The fast- moving electrons excite the gas in the tube, causing a glow between the electrodes.

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–5 Figure 2.8: Deflection of cathode rays by an applied electric field.

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–6 Figure 2.9: The plum pudding model of the atom.

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–7 Figure 2.10: A schematic representation of the apparatus Millikan used to determine the charge on the electron.

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–8 Figure 2.12: Rutherford's experiment on  -particle bombardment of metal foil.

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–9 Figure 2.13: (a) The expected results of the metal foil experiment if Thomson's model were correct. (b)Actual results.

10. Figure 2.14: A nuclear atom viewed in cross section. Note that this drawing is not to scale.

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–11

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–12 Figure 2.15: Two isotopes of sodium. Both have eleven protons and eleven electrons, but they differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei.

13. Figure 2.16: The structural formula for methane.

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–14 Figure 2.17: Space-filling model of methane. This type of model shows both the relative sizes of the atoms in the molecule and their spatial relationships.

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–15 Figure 2.18: Ball-and-stick model of methane.

16. Figure 2.19: Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to form solid sodium chloride.

17. Chapter 2(b) Atoms, Molecules, and Ions (cont’d)

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–18 Figure 2.20: Ball-and-stick models of the ammonium ion and the nitrate ion.

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–19 Figure 2.21: The Periodic Table.

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–20

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–21

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–22

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–23 Crystals of copper(II) sulfate.

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–24 Various chromium compounds dissolved in water. From left to right; CrCl 2, K 2 Cr 2 O 7, Cr(NO 3 ) 3, CrCl 3, K 2 CrO 4.

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–25 Figure 2.22: The common cations and anions

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–26

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–27

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–28 Figure 2.23: A flowchart for naming binary compounds.

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–29 Figure 2.24: Overall strategy for naming chemical compounds.

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–30

31. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–31

32. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2b–32 Figure 2.25: A flowchart for naming acids. An acid is best considered as one or more H+ ions attached to an anion.